Fyrejet 4

What is Fyrejet?

Fyrejet is a web-framework that is designed for speed and ease-of-use. After working with numerous frameworks, you never fail to appreciate the ease of development with Express. In fact, it is so easy that it is appropriate for novice developers to learn how to code.

Unfortunately, that comes at a cost. While Express brings the speed of development, its performance is just okay-ish. Other frameworks either provide different APIs, are incompatible with Express middlewares or provide less functionality. For instance, Restana, a great API-oriented framework by jkybernees provides incredible performance, but only a subset of Express APIs, making it not suitable as an Express replacement. Moreover, Express relies on Object.setPrototypeOf in request handling, which is inherently slow (see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/setPrototypeOf) and whose performance has drastically decreased after Node.js 12.18.1 was released.

Fyrejet previously did not strive to be the fastest framework, seeking instead to only provide Express-like API and better performance. However, Fyrejet is now aimed at becoming one of the fastest pure Node.js full-featured frameworks, without using native code. In fact, Fyrejet uses slightly modified¹ Express tests to verify the codebase. Moreover, Fyrejet offers you the ability to use Express APIs with uWebSockets.js (not production ready yet), if you decide that native Node.js HTTP server is not fast enough for your needs.

Starting with Fyrejet 2.2.x, Fyrejet is only compatible with Node.js 12 and higher.

[1]:

* 50 tests removed, because they are arguably irrelevant (test/Route.js and test/Router.js)
* ~6 tests removed in Fyrejet 4 that rely on Prototype modification that is not allowed in Fyrejet 4.
* ~6 tests modified to test a replacement API instead (req.currentUrl)
* Some tests have been removed in 3.x (some res.send, res.json and res.jsonp tests, because they test removed functionality, that has long been deprecated in Express - namely, ability to set status through these methods)
* req.acceptsEncoding(), req.acceptsCharset() and req.acceptsLanguage() and req.hose() tests are fully removed, since they have been long deprecated.
* All req tests that test additional req properties have been fixed to test for methods with the same names.
* 1 test removed, because deprecated functionality was too much time to implement.

What Fyrejet is not?

Unfortunately, Fyrejet is not a solution to all problems. For instance, Fyrejet is not a way around writing proper code. Additionally, greater framework performance does not necessarily translate into faster web-service. If your web-service works slow due to:

* Problems in your own code;

* Slow Database queries
* Poor networking setup
* etc.

, then there is little Fyrejet can do for you.

However, if you do not suffer from these problems, Fyrejet can in many cases improve your performance. Despite this, YOU are responsible for your own benchmarks and choosing the best solution for your use case.

License

Fyrejet is shared with the community under MIT License.

Breaking changes from 3.x to 4.x

* It is no longer possible to modify Fyrejet's request and response prototypes. If you need to add new request or response functionality, consider adding new functions or objects to req and res objects via middleware. This change is made to greatly improve performance

* res.sendfile is deleted. Should not significantly impact anyone, as res.sendfile is deprecated for a long time in Express 4.

* Major internal routing & init middleware changes to optimize performance. Behaviour is the same, but over 50% of the code is rewritten or reorganised

* app.settings implementation now relies on proxy object

Breaking changes from 2.x to 3.x

* For general performance reasons, special modes have been removed from this major version (except route-wide no etag option)
* Fyrejet no longer implements any req properties from Express. The properties are now reimplemented as methods. So, for instance, to get protocol, you should use req.protocol() instead of req.protocol. While this breaks compatibility, this helps to raise performance.
* req.method and req.url are not affected since they are native to node.js's http module
* res.send ability to set HTTP status code is removed for performance reasons (deprecated functionality from Express).
* req.host() is removed, since req.hostname() is available.
* req.acceptsEncoding, req.acceptsCharset and req.acceptsLanguage are removed in favour of req.acceptsEncodings, req.acceptsCharsets and req.acceptsLanguages.

Installation

In order to install and test Fyrejet, you can issue the following commands:

``bash
npm install fyrejet
npm run test
`

API

Fyrejet API is very similar to Express API. In general, you are advised to use the current Express documentation. Having said that, there are a few important differences between these projects, that are summarized in the table below:

| Capability | Type of difference | Express | Fyrejet |
| ------------------------- | :--------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| req properties | Difference in behavior | Express provides a wide range of additional req properties | Fyrejet provides all core node HTTP properties, such as req.url && req.method. It also provides Express's req.path , req.query & req.originalUrl property. req.route property has different format. All other NON-DEPRECATED Express properties are reimplemented as functions (for performance), so instead of req.protocol you should use req.protocol() |
| Routing, general | Difference in behavior | Express goes through each route in the stack, verifying, whether it is appropriate for the request. When a request is made again, the same operation has to start all over again. | Fyrejet routing and base is basically a fork of Restana and its dependencies, 0http and Trouter. When an initial request is made, like `GET /hi HTTP/1.1` Fyrejet finds which routes are appropriate for the request and then caches those routes. This way, Fyrejet will be able to load only the required routes upon a similar request in the future. |
| Routing, details | Difference in behavior | Changing req.url or req.method only affects the routes that have not been checked yet. | Changing `req.url` or `req.method` to a different value makes Fyrejet restart the routing process for your request within Fyrejet instance. All the changes made to data (such as `res.locals` or `req.params`) during routing persist. If you try to change value to the same value (e.g., if `req.method === "POST"; req.method = "POST"`), nothing occurs. However, if you want to avoid the rerouting in other cases, you can use `req.setUrl(url)` and `req.setMethod(method)`. For more information, see Rerouting. |
| req.url | Difference in behavior | req.url is modified to reflect the relative url in relation to the middleware route. | You should prefer`req.currentUrl()`. |
| res.send and res.json | Non-breaking additions | Provided | Provided, with slight modifications (functionality deprecated in Express 4 is removed). Also, Fyrejet provides alternative res.sendLite, which is modified res.send from Restana project. It is supposed to be faster and more lightweight, but with different functionality (no ETags, for example, but it is capable of sending objects faster and setting headers directly). See Restana's documentation on res.send for information on res.sendLite behavior. |
| Route-wide no etag option | Non-breaking additions | N/A | Fyrejet allows you to switch off etag for a specific route.
To do so, declare routes with noEtag as final argument:
app.get('/route', (req,res) => {}, 'noEtag') |

General usage

... is very similar to Express:

`js
'use strict'

var cb = function() {console.log('listening')}
var express = require('../index')

var options = {}
/* optional options object. Used to define
certain settings that cannot be redefined through app.set.
See initialization-time settings below this example
*/
var app = express(options)

app.set('x-powered-by', false) // without this will be set to Fyrejet by default

app.use(someMiddleware) // someMiddleware is not defined, but you get the idea ;)

app.get('/hi', function (req, res) {
res.send(req.method)
})

app.post('/hi', function (req, res) {
res.send(req.method)
})

app.listen(3003)
/* or app.start(3003). You can also provide a callback,
but it will not receive any arguments, unless you
use uWebSockets
*/

`

#### Initialization-time settings

Fyrejet uses four Initialization-time settings inherited from Restana2. These are:

| Setting | Default value | Type | Description |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| cacheSize or routerCacheSize | 1000 | Number (integer) | How many different requests can be cached for future use. Request in this case means a combination of req.method + req.url. The cache is using LRU algorithm |
| defaultRoute | See source code | Function | Best not to change, unless you know what you are doing. Check restana documentation. |
| prioRequestsProcessing | true | Boolean | If true, HTTP requests processing/handling is prioritized using setImmediate. Usually does not need to be changed and you are advised not to change it, unless you know what you are doing. uWebSockets is a known exception to this rule. |
| errorHandler | (err, req, res) => { res.statusCode = 500; res.end(err.message) | Function | Optional global error handler function. |

[2]: Default values are not always inherited from Restana, however

Rerouting

Consider this app:

`js
'use strict'

var express = require('fyrejet')
// var express = require('express')
// if we were to use 'real' express

var app = express()

app.post('/hi', (req, res, next) => {
return res.send('hi, sweetheart!')
})

app.get('/hi', (req, res, next) => {
req.method = "POST"
return next()
})

app.listen(3003)

`

Let's test what happens using curl using the following command: curl -v http://localhost:3003/hi

###### Fyrejet

`
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 3003 (#0)
> GET /hi HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:3003
> User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
> Accept: /
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< X-Powered-By: Fyrejet
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< ETag: W/"f-TDXfWsVBD6FKBYpgrRzrsvr7dXs"
< Date: Tue, 01 Sep 2020 16:06:01 GMT
< Connection: keep-alive
< Content-Length: 15
<
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
hi, sweetheart!* Closing connection 0
`

###### Express

`
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 3003 (#0)
> GET /hi HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:3003
> User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
> Accept: /
>
< HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
< X-Powered-By: Express
< Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'
< X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< Content-Length: 142
< Date: Tue, 01 Sep 2020 16:07:54 GMT
< Connection: keep-alive
<









Cannot POST /hi




* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
* Closing connection 0
`

##### What happens under the hood?

| Step | Express | Fyrejet |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 0 | Go through request handler function. Success | Go through request handler function. Success |
| 1 | Get the whole stack of routes | Get the stack of appropriate routes and cache them for future use |
| 2 | Transfer control to next() function | Transfer control to next() function |
| 3 | Go through init middleware. Transfer control to next() function | Go through init middleware. Transfer control to next() function |
| 3 | Check if route `app.post('/hi', (req,res,next) => {...})` is appropriate. Fail. | Go through route `app.get('/hi', (req,res,next) => {...})` Execute function. |
| 4 | Check if route `app.get('/hi', (req,res,next) => {...})` is appropriate. Execute function. Transfer control to next() function | Transfer control to next() function. req.method changed. Go through steps 0-2 again. Do partial (and very limited) init middleware re-run. |
| 5 | Go to default route, since no other user-defined routes are available. Respond to request with 404 error | Since `app.post('/hi', (req,res,next) => {...})` is now the appropriate route, Fyrejet goes through it and executes function. Then, it responds to request with 200, because of return res.send('hi, sweetheart!') |

##### How to avoid rerouting?

Sometimes, rerouting is not acceptable. In these cases, you can change the method or url with these helper functions:

`req.setUrl(url)` and `req.setMethod(method)`. Both return req object, so they are chainable with other req methods.

No ETag Routes

In addition to Express's ability to redefine ETag function or disable it altogether, Fyrejet enables you to disable ETag for specific route only.

#### How to use

`js
app.get('/hi', (req, res, next) => {
return res.send('There won\'t be ETag')
}, 'noEtag')
`

#### Caveats

No known caveats.

uWebSockets.js

Fyrejet includes support for uWebSockets.js.

Versions 17.5.0 and 18.5.0+ have been tested and do seem to work. All tests pass (except one related to closing the server). Despite this, minor incompatibilities are expected. Please refer to Known problems section. Also take note that you need to install uWebSockets.js on your own.

$3

`js
'use strict'

// preliminary testing done with uWS 17.5.0, but it is NOT covered with tests yet
const low = require('../index').uwsCompat

const app = require('../index')({
prioRequestsProcessing: false, // without this option set to 'false' uWS is going to be extremely sluggish. However, this will reduce speed for node's native http, in case you switch back
server: low(), // You can pass options to low(), check low-http-server documentation
serverType: 'uWebSockets' // also required, or there will always be errors
})

app.get('/hi', (req, res) => {
res.send('uWS works')
})

app.start(3001, (socket) => {
if (socket) {
console.log('HTTP server running at http://localhost:3001')
}
}) // in Fyrejet 1.x, you needed to provide a callback for this to work. This is no longer the case.

setTimeout(() => {server.close()}, 10000) // closes server in approximately 10 seconds

`

$3

At this time, there may be problems with uWS. Although it passes all tests, it is possible that there may be hidden bugs in edge cases. Use at own risk. Consider, whether 4% performance increase is worth potential problems.

Benchmarks

It is a pseudo-scientific benchmark, but whatevs :)

!benchmark

1. ./performance/fyrejet-route-uWS.js and ./performance/fyrejet-route-uWS-sendLite.js on port 3001 (Fyrejet on top of uWS, with full Express-like API)
4. ./performance/fyrejet-route.js and ./performance/fyrejet-route-sendLite.js on port 3004 (Fyrejet in default Express mode)
5. ./performance/express-route.js on port 3005 (Express)

Each app exposes the /hi route, using the GET method. -sendLite.js examples use res.sendLite from restana project that handles data much faster than express's res.send, but at the cost of no Etag features. However, the performance with sendLite is VERY close to stock Fastify.

Hardware used: MacBook Pro (16-inch, 2019) || Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-9980HK CPU @ 2.40GHz || 64 GB 2667 MHz DDR4

OS used: macOS Big Sur 11.6.0

uname -a output: Darwin Nikolays-MacBook-Pro.local 20.6.0 Darwin Kernel Version 20.6.0: Mon Aug 30 06:12:21 PDT 2021; root:xnu-7195.141.6~3/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64

Testing is done with wrk using this command: wrk -t8 -c64 -d5s 'http://localhost:3001/hi', where 3001 is changed to required port.

Second-best result out of a series of 5 is used.

Results:

1. uWS: 43150.98 req/s (202.5% faster than express) / 49653.79 req/s (w/ restana's res.sendLite) (248.1% faster than express)
2. 40635.16 req/s (184.8% faster than express) / 47509.77 req/s (w/ restana's res.sendLite) (233.0% faster than express)
3. 14263.38 req/s (baseline)

The CPU package temperature was ensured to be 45-47 degrees Celsium at the start of each round.

Take note that Fyrejet with uWebSockets.js should perform much better on Linux (I just don't have time to test, however this benchmark supports the claims).

Take note that if you don't need Express features, such as Etag & other caching features, Restana's res.sendLite is going to provide you with performance more similar to Fastify. In that case, Fyrejet is gonna provide 37032.2 req/s or 41220 req/s under uWS.

$3

Be aware that uWebSockets.js generally doesn't perform on MacOS, FreeBSD and Windows as well as on Linux. It also does not clusterize on non-Linux platforms, as it depends on certain kernel features. This only affects uWebSockets.js (and, by extenstion, fyrejet.uwsCompat). As a workaround, consider running your app as separate apps listening on different ports, if using uWebSockets.js, and proxying behind nginx.

Run tests

`
npm install
npm run test
npm run test-uWS
``

Donations

Are welcome.

Currently, you can use PayPal:

https://paypal.me/schamberg97

Thanks to

jkyberneees's restana project, which served as a foundation for this project

Support

In order to get support, you can file an issue in this repository. If you need commercial support, please write on schamberg.nicholas@gmail.com