lora-packet

A pure node.js library to decode and encode packets
for LoRa/LoRaWAN^TM radio communication, based on the specification
from the LoRa Alliance (based on V1.0.2 final), and as used by The Things Network.

Packet decoding is also wrapped in a simple command-line tool that accepts input in hex and base-64

Why?

- LoRa packets are encrypted at the radio link level. They could be
decrypted at the radio receiver, but frequently they're transferred onwards
as-is, because the radio doesn't have the crypto keys. This library lets you
handle them in your code, rather than relying on less transparent / less
documented / less convenient libraries / modules / systems.
- as a debugging tool, to check and decrypt packets
- node.js is available both on the application server, and can also be
available on network gateways (which are otherwise hard to write code to
run on)- a single library can be used in both places / either place
- inverted use case: you have a remote gateway, and you want to send gateway
telemetry/monitoring using the same uplink channel as used by the radio, as
LoRa packets - so you encode your gateway telemetry as LoRa packets & slip
them into the uplink.

Help me to help you: Give me data!

I'm happy to fix or add functionality, but I can only do this if I have
example packets.

Features:

- LoRa packet parsing & analysis
- MIC (Message Integrity Check) checking
- payload decryption
- decodes uplink & downlink packets, network join etc
- ability to create LoRa format packets

Installation

(nodejs>=10)

``bash
npm install lora-packet
`

(nodejs<=9)

`bash
npm install lora-packet@~0.7.14
`

Usage (command-line packet decoding):

`
$ lora-packet-decode --hex 40F17DBE4900020001954378762B11FF0D
`

`
$ lora-packet-decode --base64 QPF9vkkAAgABlUN4disR/w0=
`

`
$ lora-packet-decode \
--appkey ec925802ae430ca77fd3dd73cb2cc588 \
--nwkkey 44024241ed4ce9a68c6a8bc055233fd3 \
--hex 40F17DBE4900020001954378762B11FF0D
`

Usage (packet decoding from wire):

$3

Parse & create packet structure from wire-format buffer (i.e. "radio PHYPayload")

$3

returns an object containing the decoded packet fields, named as per
LoRa spec, e.g. _MHDR_, _MACPayload_ etc

Note: _DevAddr_ and _FCnt_ are stored big-endian, i.e. the way round
that you'd expect to see them, not how they're sent down the wire.

$3

returns the packet _MType_ as a string (e.g. "Unconfirmed Data Up")

$3

returns the direction (_Dir_) as a string ('up' or 'down')

$3

returns the frame count (_FCnt_) as a number

$3

returns true if packet is confirmed, else returns false

$3

returns the port (_FPort_) as a number (or null if FPort is absent)

$3

returns the flag (_ACK_) of field _FCtrl_ as a boolean

$3

returns the flag (_FPending_) of field _FCtrl_ as a boolean

$3

returns the flag (_ADR_) of field _FCtrl_ as a boolean

$3

returns the flag (_ADRACKReq_) of field _FCtrl_ as a boolean

$3

`javascript
const packet = lora_packet.fromWire(inputData);
const DecryptedPacket = lora_packet.fromWire(lora_packet.decryptJoinAccept(packet, appKey));
`

Usage (packet encoding to wire):

$3

takes an object with properties representing fields in the packet - see example below

- and generates a valid packet from them. If a NwkSKey is provided then the
MIC is calculated (otherwise = "EEEEEEEE") and if the relevant encryption key
(AppSKey or NwkSKey depending on port) then the payload is encrypted.

The wire-format payload can be obtained by calling _getPHYPayload()_
(or _getBuffers().PHYPayload_)


#### Required fields:

- _MType_ - supplied as number (0-7 or constants) or string
- _DevAddr_ - supplied as Buffer (4)
- _FCnt_ - supplied as number or Buffer(2)

#### Optional fields:

- _FCtrl.ADR_ - boolean (default = false)
- _FCtrl.ADRACKReq_ - boolean (default = false)
- _FCtrl.ACK_ - boolean (default = false)
- _FCtrl.FPending_ - boolean (default = false)
- _FPort_ - number (default = 1)

#### Lorawan 1.1
in Lorawan 1.1 optional fields after data are:
- NwkSEncKey,
- SNwkSIntKey,
- FNwkSIntKey,
- FCntMSBytes
- ConfFCntDownTxDrTxCh

For usage Refer to Lorawan 1.1 Spec.

Example:

`javascript
const lora_packet = require("lora-packet");

//-----------------
// packet decoding

// decode a packet
const packet = lora_packet.fromWire(Buffer.from("40F17DBE4900020001954378762B11FF0D", "hex"));

// debug: prints out contents
// - contents depend on packet type
// - contents are named based on LoRa spec
console.log("packet.toString()=\n" + packet);

// e.g. retrieve payload elements
console.log("packet MIC=" + packet.MIC.toString("hex"));
console.log("FRMPayload=" + packet.FRMPayload.toString("hex"));

// check MIC
const NwkSKey = Buffer.from("44024241ed4ce9a68c6a8bc055233fd3", "hex");
console.log("MIC check=" + (lora_packet.verifyMIC(packet, NwkSKey) ? "OK" : "fail"));

// calculate MIC based on contents
console.log("calculated MIC=" + lora_packet.calculateMIC(packet, NwkSKey).toString("hex"));

// decrypt payload
const AppSKey = Buffer.from("ec925802ae430ca77fd3dd73cb2cc588", "hex");
console.log("Decrypted (ASCII)='" + lora_packet.decrypt(packet, AppSKey, NwkSKey).toString() + "'");
console.log("Decrypted (hex)='0x" + lora_packet.decrypt(packet, AppSKey, NwkSKey).toString("hex") + "'");

//-----------------
// packet creation

// create a packet
const constructedPacket = lora_packet.fromFields(
{
MType: "Unconfirmed Data Up", // (default)
DevAddr: Buffer.from("01020304", "hex"), // big-endian
FCtrl: {
ADR: false, // default = false
ACK: true, // default = false
ADRACKReq: false, // default = false
FPending: false, // default = false
},
FCnt: Buffer.from("0003", "hex"), // can supply a buffer or a number
payload: "test",
},
Buffer.from("ec925802ae430ca77fd3dd73cb2cc588", "hex"), // AppSKey
Buffer.from("44024241ed4ce9a68c6a8bc055233fd3", "hex") // NwkSKey
);
console.log("constructedPacket.toString()=\n" + constructedPacket);
const wireFormatPacket = constructedPacket.getPHYPayload();
console.log("wireFormatPacket.toString()=\n" + wireFormatPacket.toString("hex"));
`

Notes:

#### Online Decoder

There's a nice online decoder that uses this library.

NB this is created & maintained by a third party & I can't support or answer questions about it.

#### Endianness

- LoRa sends data over the wire in little-endian format
(see spec #1.2 "The octet order for all multi-­octet fields is little endian")
- lora-packet attempts to hide this from you, so e.g. DevAddr & FCnt are
presented in big-endian format.
- For example, DevAddr=49be7df1 is sent over the wire as 0xf1, 0x7d, 0xbe, 0x49.
- Similarly, the fields in the Join Request message (AppEUI, DevEUI, DevNonce)
are reversed on the wire

#### Can I help?

- I've done some testing, but of course I can only test using the packets
that I can generate & receive with the radios I've got, and packets I've
constructed myself. If you find a packet that lora-packet` fails to parse,
or incorrectly decodes / decrypts etc, please let me know!

#### LoRaWAN - naming clarification

It took me longer than expected to understand the various IDs & key names.
Different terminology is used by LoRaWAN / TTN / Multitech, & there's both
OTA & manual personalisation options. This is a quick summary which I hope
you'll find helpful.

(TODO!)

#### Version history

- 0.9.2 bump ws to 7.5.10, braces to 3.0.3: Drop test support for node.js \> 16
- 0.9.1 remove Buffer dependency, and support more Node versions
- 0.9.0 refactor to improve readabilty and modularity
- 0.8.25
- - sanity checks in fromWire
- - fix parsing RejoinRequest
- - add toString output for RejoinRequest
- 0.8.24 bump crypto-js to 4.2.0 (CVE-2023-46233)
- 0.8.23 bump @babel/traverse to 7.23.2
- 0.8.22 add WOR keys
- 0.8.21 bump semver
- 0.8.20 bump tough-cookie to 4.1.3, word-wrap to 1.2.4
- 0.8.19 bump decode-uri-component 0.2.2, json5 2.2.3 (CVE–2022–46175)
- 0.8.18 bump minimatch 3.1.2 (CVE-2022-3517)
- 0.8.17 add support for LoRaWAN 1.1
- 0.8.15 bump minimist 1.2.6 (CVE-2021-44906/CVE-2020-7598)
- 0.8.14 migrate from node-aes-cmac to aes-cmac
- 0.8.13 parse RFU and proprietary packets
- 0.8.12 bump multiple deps
- 0.8.11 bump glob-parent 5.1.2 (CVE-2020-28469)
- 0.8.10 bump ws to 7.4.6 (CVE-2021-32640)
- 0.8.9 bump lodash to 4.17.21 (CVE-2021-23337)
- 0.8.8 bump y18n to 4.0.1 (CVE-2020-7774)
- 0.8.7 fix recalculateMIC
- 0.8.6 add isConfirmed & fix initialise with Port=0
- 0.8.5 add docs + text output for FPending (data down) + ADRACKReq (data up)
- 0.8.3 default FCnt should be 0
- 0.8.2 fix decryption of Join Accept
- 0.8.1 fix shebang
- 0.8.0 upgrade to typescript & node 10.x/12.x/14.x; deprecate pre-10.x
- 0.7.14 bump mocha version
- 0.7.13 fix CFList length
- 0.7.12 fix CFList byte order
- 0.7.10 add Decrypt Join Accept
- 0.7.8 improve support for 32-bit FCnt
- 0.7.7 add command-line support for AppSKey/NwkSKey
- 0.7.4 add support for 32-bit FCnt in MIC calculation
- 0.7.2 fix Join Accept parsing
- 0.7.0 add support for join packets and OTAA handshaking
- 0.6.0 when creating a packet from fields, if no FPort and no payload are specified, omit FPort
- 0.5.4 command-line behaves gracefully on no input
- 0.5.3 MIC for join messages; getter for FCtrl.ADRACKReq
- 0.5.2 fix FOpts parsing
- 0.5.0 add command-line tool
- 0.4.0 implemented creation of packet (+ MIC + encryption) from payload / fields
- 0.3.0 refactor to allow packet creation
- 0.2.0 initial release as npm

#### TODO

- MAC Commands, as sent in _FOpts_ (or piggybacked in _FRMPayload_)

#### Credits

- Thank you to David Olivari
- Thank you to Larko
- Thank you to Tommas Bakker
- Thank you to Rob Gillan
- Thank you to Christopher Hunt
- Thank you to Thibault Ortiz
- Thank you to Flemming Madsen
- Thank you to Giorgio Pillon
- Thank you to Nuno Cruz
- Thank you to Felipe Lima and the fine folks at TagoIO
- Thank you to Nicolas Graziano
- Thank you to Benjamin Cabé
- Thank you to kalik1
- Thank you to Pierre PLR
- Thank you to Ricardo Stoklosa
- Thank you to Lucas