If you want to write an option parser, and have it be good, there are
two ways to do it. The Right Way, and the Wrong Way.

The Wrong Way is to sit down and write an option parser. We've all done
that.

The Right Way is to write some complex configurable program with so many
options that you hit the limit of your frustration just trying to
manage them all, and defer it with duct-tape solutions until you see
exactly to the core of the problem, and finally snap and write an
awesome option parser.

If you want to write an option parser, don't write an option parser.
Write a package manager, or a source control system, or a service
restarter, or an operating system. You probably won't end up with a
good one of those, but if you don't give up, and you are relentless and
diligent enough in your procrastination, you may just end up with a very
nice option parser.

USAGE

``javascript
// my-program.js
var nopt = require("nopt")
, Stream = require("stream").Stream
, path = require("path")
, knownOpts = { "foo" : [String, null]
, "bar" : [Stream, Number]
, "baz" : path
, "bloo" : [ "big", "medium", "small" ]
, "flag" : Boolean
, "pick" : Boolean
, "many1" : [String, Array]
, "many2" : [path, Array]
}
, shortHands = { "foofoo" : ["--foo", "Mr. Foo"]
, "b7" : ["--bar", "7"]
, "m" : ["--bloo", "medium"]
, "p" : ["--pick"]
, "f" : ["--flag"]
}
// everything is optional.
// knownOpts and shorthands default to {}
// arg list defaults to process.argv
// slice defaults to 2
, parsed = nopt(knownOpts, shortHands, process.argv, 2)
console.log(parsed)
`

This would give you support for any of the following:

`console
$ node my-program.js --foo "blerp" --no-flag
{ "foo" : "blerp", "flag" : false }

$ node my-program.js ---bar 7 --foo "Mr. Hand" --flag
{ bar: 7, foo: "Mr. Hand", flag: true }

$ node my-program.js --foo "blerp" -f -----p
{ foo: "blerp", flag: true, pick: true }

$ node my-program.js -fp --foofoo
{ foo: "Mr. Foo", flag: true, pick: true }

$ node my-program.js --foofoo -- -fp # -- stops the flag parsing.
{ foo: "Mr. Foo", argv: { remain: ["-fp"] } }

$ node my-program.js --blatzk -fp # unknown opts are ok.
{ blatzk: true, flag: true, pick: true }

$ node my-program.js --blatzk=1000 -fp # but you need to use = if they have a value
{ blatzk: 1000, flag: true, pick: true }

$ node my-program.js --no-blatzk -fp # unless they start with "no-"
{ blatzk: false, flag: true, pick: true }

$ node my-program.js --baz b/a/z # known paths are resolved.
{ baz: "/Users/isaacs/b/a/z" }

if Array is one of the types, then it can take many

values, and will always be an array. The other types provided

specify what types are allowed in the list.

$ node my-program.js --many1 5 --many1 null --many1 foo
{ many1: ["5", "null", "foo"] }

$ node my-program.js --many2 foo --many2 bar
{ many2: ["/path/to/foo", "path/to/bar"] }
`

Read the tests at the bottom of lib/nopt.js for more examples of
what this puppy can do.

Types

The following types are supported, and defined on nopt.typeDefs

* String: A normal string. No parsing is done.
* path: A file system path. Gets resolved against cwd if not absolute.
* url: A url. If it doesn't parse, it isn't accepted.
* Number: Must be numeric.
* Date: Must parse as a date. If it does, and Date is one of the options,
then it will return a Date object, not a string.
* Boolean: Must be either true or false. If an option is a boolean,
then it does not need a value, and its presence will imply true as
the value. To negate boolean flags, do --no-whatever or --whatever
false
* NaN: Means that the option is strictly not allowed. Any value will
fail.
* Stream: An object matching the "Stream" class in node. Valuable
for use when validating programmatically. (npm uses this to let you
supply any WriteStream on the outfd and logfd config options.)
* Array: If Array is specified as one of the types, then the value
will be parsed as a list of options. This means that multiple values
can be specified, and that the value will always be an array.

If a type is an array of values not on this list, then those are
considered valid values. For instance, in the example above, the
--bloo option can only be one of "big", "medium", or "small",
and any other value will be rejected.

When parsing unknown fields, "true", "false", and "null" will be
interpreted as their JavaScript equivalents.

You can also mix types and values, or multiple types, in a list. For
instance { blah: [Number, null] } would allow a value to be set to
either a Number or null. When types are ordered, this implies a
preference, and the first type that can be used to properly interpret
the value will be used.

To define a new type, add it to nopt.typeDefs. Each item in that
hash is an object with a type member and a validate method. The
type member is an object that matches what goes in the type list. The
validate method is a function that gets called with validate(data,
key, val). Validate methods should assign data[key] to the valid
value of val if it can be handled properly, or return boolean
false if it cannot.

You can also call nopt.clean(data, types, typeDefs) to clean up a
config object and remove its invalid properties.

Error Handling

By default nopt logs debug messages if DEBUG_NOPT or NOPT_DEBUG are set in the environment.

You can assign the following methods to nopt for a more granular notification of invalid, unknown, and expanding options:

nopt.invalidHandler(key, value, type, data) - Called when a value is invalid for its option.
nopt.unknownHandler(key, next) - Called when an option is found that has no configuration. In certain situations the next option on the command line will be parsed on its own instead of as part of the unknown option. In this case next will contain that option.
nopt.abbrevHandler(short, long) - Called when an option is automatically translated via abbreviations.

You can also set any of these to false to disable the debugging messages that they generate.

Abbreviations

Yes, they are supported. If you define options like this:

`javascript
{ "foolhardyelephants" : Boolean
, "pileofmonkeys" : Boolean }
`

Then this will work:

`bash
node program.js --foolhar --pil
node program.js --no-f --pileofmon


etc.


`

Shorthands

Shorthands are a hash of shorter option names to a snippet of args that
they expand to.

If multiple one-character shorthands are all combined, and the
combination does not unambiguously match any other option or shorthand,
then they will be broken up into their constituent parts. For example:

`json
{ "s" : ["--loglevel", "silent"]
, "g" : "--global"
, "f" : "--force"
, "p" : "--parseable"
, "l" : "--long"
}
`

`bash
npm ls -sgflp


just like doing this:


npm ls --loglevel silent --global --force --long --parseable
`

The Rest of the args

The config object returned by nopt is given a special member called
argv, which is an object with the following fields:

* remain: The remaining args after all the parsing has occurred.
* original: The args as they originally appeared.
* cooked: The args after flags and shorthands are expanded.

Slicing

Node programs are called with more or less the exact argv as it appears
in C land, after the v8 and node-specific options have been plucked off.
As such, argv[0] is always node and argv[1] is always the
JavaScript program being run.

That's usually not very useful to you. So they're sliced off by
default. If you want them, then you can pass in 0` as the last
argument, or any other number that you'd like to slice off the start of
the list.