AWS CDK Toolkit CLI

---

!cdk-constructs: Stable

---

The AWS CDK Toolkit provides the cdk command-line interface that can be used to work with AWS CDK applications. This module is part of the AWS Cloud Development Kit project.

| Command | Description |
| ----------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| cdk docs | Access the online documentation |
| cdk init | Start a new CDK project (app or library) |
| cdk list | List stacks and their dependencies in an application |
| cdk synth | Synthesize a CDK app to CloudFormation template(s) |
| cdk diff | Diff stacks against current state |
| cdk deploy | Deploy a stack into an AWS account |
| cdk rollback | Roll back a failed deployment |
| cdk import | Import existing AWS resources into a CDK stack |
| cdk migrate | Migrate AWS resources, CloudFormation stacks, and CloudFormation templates to CDK |
| cdk watch | Watches a CDK app for deployable and hotswappable changes |
| cdk destroy | Deletes a stack from an AWS account |
| cdk bootstrap | Deploy a toolkit stack to support deploying large stacks & artifacts |
| cdk gc | Garbage collect assets associated with the bootstrapped stack |
| cdk doctor | Inspect the environment and produce information useful for troubleshooting |
| cdk acknowledge | Acknowledge (and hide) a notice by issue number |
| cdk notices | List all relevant notices for the application |
| cdk refactor | Moves resources between stacks or within the same stack |
| cdk drift | Detect drifts in the given CloudFormation stack(s) |
| cdk cli-telemetry | Enable or disable cli telemetry collection |
| cdk flags | View and modify your feature flag configurations |

Common topics

- Usage
- Asset bundling
- Preview features
- Authentication
- MFA Support
- SSO Support
- Configuration
- Running in CI

Requirements

You need Node.js or another JavaScript runtime to use the AWS CDK Toolkit CLI. We recommend using the Node.js version in Active LTS.
The minimal supported version is Node.js v18.
See our Support Policy for full details.

Commands

$3

Outputs the URL to the documentation for the current toolkit version, and attempts to open a browser to that URL.

``console
$ # Open the documentation in the default browser (using 'open')
$ cdk docs
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/api/latest/

$ # Open the documentation in Chrome.
$ cdk docs --browser='chrome %u'
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/api/latest/
`

$3

Creates a new CDK project.

`console
$ # List the available template types & languages
$ cdk init --list
Available templates:
* app: Template for a CDK Application
└─ cdk init app --language=[csharp|cs|fsharp|fs|java|javascript|js|python|py|typescript|ts]
* lib: Template for a CDK Construct Library
└─ cdk init lib --language=typescript
* sample-app: Example CDK Application with some constructs
└─ cdk init sample-app --language=[csharp|cs|fsharp|fs|java|javascript|js|python|py|typescript|ts]

$ # Create a new library application in typescript
$ cdk init lib --language=typescript
`

$3

Lists the stacks and their dependencies modeled in the CDK app.

`console
$ # List all stacks in the CDK app 'node bin/main.js'
$ cdk list --app='node bin/main.js'
Foo
Bar
Baz

$ # List all stack including all details (add --json to output JSON instead of YAML)
$ cdk list --app='node bin/main.js' --long
-
name: Foo
environment:
name: 000000000000/bermuda-triangle-1
account: '000000000000'
region: bermuda-triangle-1
-
name: Bar
environment:
name: 111111111111/bermuda-triangle-2
account: '111111111111'
region: bermuda-triangle-2
-
name: Baz
environment:
name: 333333333333/bermuda-triangle-3
account: '333333333333'
region: bermuda-triangle-3
`

$3

Synthesizes the CDK app and produces a cloud assembly to a designated output (defaults to cdk.out)

Typically you don't interact directly with cloud assemblies. They are files that include everything
needed to deploy your app to a cloud environment. For example, it includes an AWS CloudFormation
template for each stack in your app, and a copy of any file assets or Docker images that you reference
in your app.

If your app contains a single stack or a stack is supplied as an argument to cdk synth, the CloudFormation template will also be displayed in the standard output (STDOUT) as YAML.

If there are multiple stacks in your application, cdk synth will synthesize the cloud assembly to cdk.out.

`console
$ # Synthesize cloud assembly for StackName and output the CloudFormation template to STDOUT
$ cdk synth MyStackName

$ # Synthesize cloud assembly for all the stacks and save them into cdk.out/
$ cdk synth

$ # Synthesize cloud assembly for StackName, but don't include dependencies
$ cdk synth MyStackName --exclusively

$ # Synthesize cloud assembly for StackName, but don't write CloudFormation template output to STDOUT
$ cdk synth MyStackName --quiet
`

The quiet option can be set in the cdk.json file.

`json
{
"quiet": true
}
`

See the AWS Documentation to learn more about cloud assemblies.
See the CDK reference documentation for details on the cloud assembly specification

$3

Computes differences between the infrastructure specified in the current state of the CDK app and the currently
deployed application (or a user-specified CloudFormation template). If you need the command to return a non-zero if any differences are
found you need to use the --fail command line option.

`console
$ # Diff against the currently deployed stack
$ cdk diff --app='node bin/main.js' MyStackName

$ # Diff against a specific template document
$ cdk diff --app='node bin/main.js' MyStackName --template=path/to/template.yml
`

The quiet flag can also be passed to the cdk diff command. Assuming there are no differences detected the output to the console will not contain strings such as the Stack MyStackName and There were no differences.

`console
$ # Diff against the currently deployed stack with quiet parameter enabled
$ cdk diff --quiet --app='node bin/main.js' MyStackName
`

Note that the CDK::Metadata resource and the CheckBootstrapVersion Rule are excluded from cdk diff by default. You can force cdk diff to display them by passing the --strict flag.

The change-set flag will make diff create a change set and extract resource replacement data from it. This is a bit slower, but will provide no false positives for resource replacement.
The --no-change-set mode will consider any change to a property that requires replacement to be a resource replacement,
even if the change is purely cosmetic (like replacing a resource reference with a hardcoded arn).

The --import-existing-resources option will make diff create a change set and compare it using
the CloudFormation resource import mechanism. This allows CDK to detect changes and show report of resources that
will be imported rather added. Use this flag when preparing to import existing resources into a CDK stack to
ensure and validate the changes are correctly reflected by showing 'import'.

`console
$ cdk diff
[+] AWS::DynamoDB::GlobalTable MyGlobalTable MyGlobalTable5DC12DB4

$ cdk diff --import-existing-resources
[←] AWS::DynamoDB::GlobalTable MyGlobalTable MyGlobalTable5DC12DB4 import
`

In the output above:
[+] indicates a new resource that would be created.
[←] indicates a resource that would be imported into the stack instead.

$3

Deploys a stack of your CDK app to its environment. During the deployment, the toolkit will output progress
indications, similar to what can be observed in the AWS CloudFormation Console. If the environment was never
bootstrapped (using cdk bootstrap), only stacks that are not using assets and synthesize to a template that is under
51,200 bytes will successfully deploy.

`console
$ cdk deploy --app='node bin/main.js' MyStackName
`

Before creating a change set, cdk deploy will compare the template and tags of the
currently deployed stack to the template and tags that are about to be deployed and
will skip deployment if they are identical. Use --force to override this behavior
and always deploy the stack.

#### Disabling Rollback

If a resource fails to be created or updated, the deployment will roll back before the CLI returns. All changes made
up to that point will be undone (resources that were created will be deleted, updates that were made will be changed
back) in order to leave the stack in a consistent state at the end of the operation. If you are using the CDK CLI
to iterate on a development stack in your personal account, you might not require CloudFormation to leave your
stack in a consistent state, but instead would prefer to update your CDK application and try again.

To disable the rollback feature, specify --no-rollback (-R for short):

`console
$ cdk deploy --no-rollback
$ cdk deploy -R
`

If a deployment fails you can update your code and immediately retry the
deployment from the point of failure. If you would like to explicitly roll back
a failed, paused deployment, use cdk rollback.

--no-rollback deployments cannot contain resource replacements. If the CLI
detects that a resource is being replaced, it will prompt you to perform
a regular replacement instead. If the stack rollback is currently paused
and you are trying to perform an deployment that contains a replacement, you
will be prompted to roll back first.

#### Deploying multiple stacks

You can have multiple stacks in a cdk app. An example can be found in how to create multiple stacks.

In order to deploy them, you can list the stacks you want to deploy. If your application contains pipeline stacks, the cdk list command will show stack names as paths, showing where they are in the pipeline hierarchy (e.g., PipelineStack, PipelineStack/Prod, PipelineStack/Prod/MyService etc).

If you want to deploy all of them, you can use the flag --all or the wildcard to deploy all stacks in an app. Please note that, if you have a hierarchy of stacks as described above, --all and will only match the stacks on the top level. If you want to match all the stacks in the hierarchy, use . You can also combine these patterns. For example, if you want to deploy all stacks in the Prod stage, you can use cdk deploy PipelineStack/Prod/.

--concurrency N allows deploying multiple stacks in parallel while respecting inter-stack dependencies to speed up deployments. It does not protect against CloudFormation and other AWS account rate limiting.

#### Parameters

Pass parameters to your template during deployment by using --parameters
(STACK:KEY=VALUE). This will apply the value VALUE to the key KEY for stack STACK.

Example of providing an attribute value for an SNS Topic through a parameter in TypeScript:

Usage of parameter in CDK Stack:

`ts
new sns.Topic(this, 'TopicParameter', {
topicName: new cdk.CfnParameter(this, 'TopicNameParam').value.toString()
});
`

Parameter values as a part of cdk deploy

`console
$ cdk deploy --parameters "MyStackName:TopicNameParam=parameterized"
`

Parameter values can be overwritten by supplying the --force flag.
Example of overwriting the topic name from a previous deployment.

`console
$ cdk deploy --parameters "ParametersStack:TopicNameParam=blahagain" --force
`

⚠️ Parameters will be applied to all stacks if a stack name is not specified or * is provided.
Parameters provided to Stacks that do not make use of the parameter will not successfully deploy.

⚠️ Parameters do not propagate to NestedStacks. These must be sent with the constructor.
See Nested Stack documentation

#### Outputs

Write stack outputs from deployments into a file. When your stack finishes deploying, all stack outputs
will be written to the output file as JSON.

Usage of output in a CDK stack

`ts
const fn = new lambda.Function(this, "fn", {
handler: "index.handler",
code: lambda.Code.fromInline(exports.handler = \${handler.toString()}),
runtime: lambda.Runtime.NODEJS_LATEST
});

new cdk.CfnOutput(this, 'FunctionArn', {
value: fn.functionArn,
});
`

Specify an outputs file to write to by supplying the --outputs-file parameter

`console
$ cdk deploy --outputs-file outputs.json
`

Alternatively, the outputsFile key can be specified in the project config (cdk.json).

The following shows a sample cdk.json where the outputsFile key is set to outputs.json.

`json
{
"app": "npx ts-node bin/myproject.ts",
"context": {
"@aws-cdk/core:enableStackNameDuplicates": "true",
"aws-cdk:enableDiffNoFail": "true",
"@aws-cdk/core:stackRelativeExports": "true"
},
"outputsFile": "outputs.json"
}
`

The outputsFile key can also be specified as a user setting (~/.cdk.json)

When the stack finishes deployment, outputs.json would look like this:

`json
{
"MyStack": {
"FunctionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:MyStack-fn5FF616E3-G632ITHSP5HK"
}
}
`

⚠️ The key of the outputs corresponds to the logical ID of the CfnOutput.
Read more about identifiers in the CDK here

If multiple stacks are being deployed or the wild card * is used to deploy all stacks, all outputs
are written to the same output file where each stack artifact ID is a key in the JSON file


`console
$ cdk deploy '**' --outputs-file "/Users/code/myproject/outputs.json"
`

Example outputs.json after deployment of multiple stacks

`json
{
"MyStack": {
"FunctionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:MyStack-fn5FF616E3-G632ITHSP5HK"
},
"AnotherStack": {
"VPCId": "vpc-z0mg270fee16693f"
}
}
`

#### Deployment Progress

By default, stack deployment events are displayed as a progress bar with the events for the resource
currently being deployed.

Set the --progress flag to request the complete history which includes all CloudFormation events

`console
$ cdk deploy --progress events
`

Alternatively, the progress key can be specified in the project config (cdk.json).

The following shows a sample cdk.json where the progress key is set to events.
When cdk deploy is executed, deployment events will include the complete history.

`json
{
"app": "npx ts-node bin/myproject.ts",
"context": {
"@aws-cdk/core:enableStackNameDuplicates": "true",
"aws-cdk:enableDiffNoFail": "true",
"@aws-cdk/core:stackRelativeExports": "true"
},
"progress": "events"
}
`

The progress key can also be specified as a user setting (~/.cdk.json)

#### CloudFormation Change Sets vs direct stack updates

By default, CDK creates a CloudFormation change set with the changes that will
be deployed and then executes it. This behavior can be controlled with the
--method parameter:

- --method=change-set (default): create and execute the change set.
- --method=prepare-change-set: create the change set but don't execute it.
This is useful if you have external tools that will inspect the change set or
you have an approval process for change sets.
- --method=direct: do not create a change set but apply the change immediately.
This is typically a bit faster than creating a change set, but it loses
the progress information.

To deploy faster without using change sets:

`console
$ cdk deploy --method=direct
`

If a change set is created, it will be called cdk-deploy-change-set, and a
previous change set with that name will be overwritten. The change set will
always be created, even if it is empty. A name can also be given to the change
set to make it easier to later execute:

`console
$ cdk deploy --method=prepare-change-set --change-set-name MyChangeSetName
`

For more control over when stack changes are deployed, the CDK can generate a
CloudFormation change set but not execute it.

#### Import existing resources

You can utilize the AWS CloudFormation
feature
that automatically imports resources in your template that already exist in your account.
To do so, pass the --import-existing-resources flag to the deploy command:

`console
$ cdk deploy --import-existing-resources
`

This automatically imports resources in your CDK application that represent
unmanaged resources in your account. It reduces the manual effort of import operations and
avoids deployment failures due to naming conflicts with unmanaged resources in your account.

Use the --method=prepare-change-set flag to review which resources are imported or not before deploying a changeset.
You can inspect the change set created by CDK from the management console or other external tools.

`console
$ cdk deploy --import-existing-resources --method=prepare-change-set
`

Use the --exclusively flag to enable this feature for a specific stack.

`console
$ cdk deploy --import-existing-resources --exclusively StackName
`

Only resources that have custom names can be imported using --import-existing-resources.
For more information, see name type.
To import resources that do not accept custom names, such as EC2 instances,
use the cdk import instead.
Visit Bringing existing resources into CloudFormation management
for more details.

#### Ignore No Stacks

You may have an app with multiple environments, e.g., dev and prod. When starting
development, your prod app may not have any resources or the resources are commented
out. In this scenario, you will receive an error message stating that the app has no
stacks.

To bypass this error messages, you can pass the --ignore-no-stacks flag to the
deploy command:

`console
$ cdk deploy --ignore-no-stacks
`

#### Hotswap deployments for faster development

You can pass the --hotswap flag to the deploy command:

`console
$ cdk deploy --hotswap [StackNames]
`

This will attempt to perform a faster, short-circuit deployment if possible
(for example, if you changed the code of a Lambda function in your CDK app),
skipping CloudFormation, and updating the affected resources directly;
this includes changes to resources in nested stacks.
If the tool detects that the change does not support hotswapping,
it will ignore it and display that ignored change.
To have hotswap fall back and perform a full CloudFormation deployment,
exactly like cdk deploy does without the --hotswap flag,
specify --hotswap-fallback, like so:

`console
$ cdk deploy --hotswap-fallback [StackNames]
`

Passing either option to cdk deploy will make it use your current AWS credentials to perform the API calls -
it will not assume the Roles from your bootstrap stack,
even if the @aws-cdk/core:newStyleStackSynthesis feature flag is set to true
(as those Roles do not have the necessary permissions to update AWS resources directly, without using CloudFormation).
For that reason, make sure that your credentials are for the same AWS account that the Stack(s)
you are performing the hotswap deployment for belong to,
and that you have the necessary IAM permissions to update the resources that are being deployed.

Hotswapping is currently supported for the following changes
(additional changes will be supported in the future):

- Code asset (including Docker image and inline code), tag changes, and configuration changes (only
description and environment variables are supported) of AWS Lambda functions.
- AWS Lambda Versions and Aliases changes.
- Definition changes of AWS Step Functions State Machines.
- Container asset changes of AWS ECS Services.
- Website asset changes of AWS S3 Bucket Deployments.
- Source and Environment changes of AWS CodeBuild Projects.
- VTL mapping template changes for AppSync Resolvers and Functions.
- Schema changes for AppSync GraphQL Apis.
- Code files (S3-based) and container image (ECR-based) changes, along with environment variable
and description changes of Amazon Bedrock AgentCore Runtimes.
- Note: For S3-based code changes to be detected, use Asset from aws-cdk-lib/aws-s3-assets:

`typescript
// ✅ Recommended (hotswap works)
const asset = new aws_s3_assets.Asset(this, 'CodeAsset', {
path: path.join(__dirname, 'agent-code'),
});

const agentRuntimeArtifact = AgentRuntimeArtifact.fromS3(
{
bucketName: asset.s3BucketName,
objectKey: asset.s3ObjectKey, // Content hash, changes when code changes
},
AgentCoreRuntime.PYTHON_3_13,
['app.py'],
);
new Runtime(this, 'Runtime', {
runtimeName: 'runtime',
agentRuntimeArtifact,
});
`

- Do not use Source.asset() with BucketDeployment, as the generated object key is a token resolved at deployment time and does not change in the CloudFormation template (hotswap will not work):

`typescript
// ❌ Not recommended (hotswap doesn't work)
const deployment = new aws_s3_deployment.BucketDeployment(this, 'Deploy', {
sources: [aws_s3_deployment.Source.asset(path.join(__dirname, 'agent-code'))],
destinationBucket: bucket,
extract: false,
});

const agentRuntimeArtifact = AgentRuntimeArtifact.fromS3(
{
bucketName: bucket.bucketName,
objectKey: cdk.Fn.select(0, deployment.objectKeys), // Token, resolved at deployment time
},
AgentCoreRuntime.PYTHON_3_13,
['app.py'],
);
`

You can optionally configure the behavior of your hotswap deployments. Currently you can only configure ECS hotswap behavior:

| Property | Description | Default |
| --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| minimumHealthyPercent | Lower limit on the number of your service's tasks that must remain in the RUNNING state during a deployment, as a percentage of the desiredCount | REPLICA: 100, DAEMON: 0 |
| maximumHealthyPercent | Upper limit on the number of your service's tasks that are allowed in the RUNNING or PENDING state during a deployment, as a percentage of the desiredCount | REPLICA: 200, DAEMON:: N/A |
| stabilizationTimeoutSeconds | Number of seconds to wait for a single service to reach stable state, where the desiredCount is equal to the runningCount | 600 |

##### cdk.json

`json
{
"hotswap": {
"ecs": {
"minimumHealthyPercent": 100,
"maximumHealthyPercent": 250,
"stabilizationTimeoutSeconds": 300,
}
}
}
`

##### cli arguments

`console
cdk deploy --hotswap --hotswap-ecs-minimum-healthy-percent 100 --hotswap-ecs-maximum-healthy-percent 250 --hotswap-ecs-stabilization-timeout-seconds 300
`

⚠ Note #1: This command deliberately introduces drift in CloudFormation stacks in order to speed up deployments.
For this reason, only use it for development purposes.
Never use this flag for your production deployments!

⚠ Note #2: This command is considered experimental,
and might have breaking changes in the future.

⚠ Note #3: Expected defaults for certain parameters may be different with the hotswap parameter. For example, an ECS service's minimum healthy percentage will currently be set to 0. Please review the source accordingly if this occurs.

⚠ Note #4: Only usage of certain CloudFormation intrinsic functions are supported as part of a hotswapped deployment. At time of writing, these are:

- Ref
- Fn::GetAtt *
- Fn::ImportValue
- Fn::Join
- Fn::Select
- Fn::Split
- Fn::Sub

> *: Fn::GetAtt is only partially supported. Refer to this implementation for supported resources and attributes.


##### Deploy flowchart

This flowchart provides a high-level overview of the deployment process.
For technical implementation details (function calls, file locations), see docs/deploy-architecture.md.

!Deploy flowchart

$3

If a deployment performed using cdk deploy --no-rollback fails, your
deployment will be left in a failed, paused state. From this state you can
update your code and try the deployment again, or roll the deployment back to
the last stable state.

To roll the deployment back, use cdk rollback. This will initiate a rollback
to the last stable state of your stack.

Some resources may fail to roll back. If they do, you can try again by calling
cdk rollback --orphan (can be specified multiple times). Or, run
cdk rollback --force to have the CDK CLI automatically orphan all failing
resources.

(cdk rollback requires version 23 of the bootstrap stack, since it depends on
new permissions necessary to call the appropriate CloudFormation APIs)

$3

The watch command is similar to deploy,
but instead of being a one-shot operation,
the command continuously monitors the files of the project,
and triggers a deployment whenever it detects any changes:

`console
$ cdk watch DevelopmentStack
Detected change to 'lambda-code/index.js' (type: change). Triggering 'cdk deploy'
DevelopmentStack: deploying...

✅ DevelopmentStack

^C
`

To end a cdk watch session, interrupt the process by pressing Ctrl+C.

What files are observed is determined by the "watch" setting in your cdk.json file.
It has two sub-keys, "include" and "exclude", each of which can be either a single string, or an array of strings.
Each entry is interpreted as a path relative to the location of the cdk.json file.
Globs, both and *, are allowed to be used.
Example:

`json
{
"app": "mvn -e -q compile exec:java",
"watch": {
"include": "src/main/**",
"exclude": "target/*"
}
}
`

The default for "include" is "*/"
(which means all files and directories in the root of the project),
and "exclude" is optional
(note that we always ignore files and directories starting with .,
the CDK output directory, and the node_modules directory),
so the minimal settings to enable watch are "watch": {}.

If either your CDK code, or application code, needs a build step before being deployed,
watch works with the "build" key in the cdk.json file,
for example:

`json
{
"app": "mvn -e -q exec:java",
"build": "mvn package",
"watch": {
"include": "src/main/**",
"exclude": "target/*"
}
}
`

Note that watch by default uses hotswap deployments (see above for details) --
to turn them off, pass the --no-hotswap option when invoking it.

By default watch will also monitor all CloudWatch Log Groups in your application and stream the log events
locally to your terminal. To disable this feature you can pass the --no-logs option when invoking it:

`console
$ cdk watch --no-logs
`

You can increase the concurrency by which watch will deploy and hotswap
your stacks by specifying --concurrency N. --concurrency for watch
acts the same as --concurrency for deploy, in that it will deploy or
hotswap your stacks while respecting inter-stack dependencies.

`console
$ cdk watch --concurrency 5
`

Note: This command is considered experimental, and might have breaking changes in the future.
The same limitations apply to to watch deployments as do to --hotswap deployments. See the
Hotswap deployments for faster development section for more information.

$3

Sometimes you want to import AWS resources that were created using other means
into a CDK stack. For some resources (like Roles, Lambda Functions, Event Rules,
...), it's feasible to create new versions in CDK and then delete the old
versions. For other resources, this is not possible: stateful resources like S3
Buckets, DynamoDB tables, etc., cannot be easily deleted without impact on the
service.

cdk import, which uses CloudFormation resource
imports,
makes it possible to bring an existing resource under CDK/CloudFormation's
management. See the list of resources that can be imported here.

To import an existing resource to a CDK stack, follow the following steps:

1. Run a cdk diff to make sure there are no pending changes to the CDK stack you want to
import resources into. The only changes allowed in an "import" operation are
the addition of new resources which you want to import.
2. Add constructs for the resources you want to import to your Stack (for example,
for an S3 bucket, add something like new s3.Bucket(this, 'ImportedS3Bucket', {});).
Do not add any other changes! You must also make sure to exactly model the state
that the resource currently has. For the example of the Bucket, be sure to
include KMS keys, life cycle policies, and anything else that's relevant
about the bucket. If you do not, subsequent update operations may not do what
you expect.
3. Run the cdk import - if there are multiple stacks in the CDK app, pass a specific
stack name as an argument.
4. The CLI will prompt you to pass in the actual names of the resources you are
importing. After you supply it, the import starts.
5. When cdk import reports success, the resource is managed by CDK. Any subsequent
changes in the construct configuration will be reflected on the resource.

NOTE: You can also import existing resources by passing --import-existing-resources to cdk deploy.
This parameter only works for resources that support custom physical names,
such as S3 Buckets, DynamoDB Tables, etc...
For more information, see Request Parameters.

#### Limitations

This feature currently has the following limitations:

- Importing resources into nested stacks is not possible.
- There is no check on whether the properties you specify are correct and complete
for the imported resource. Try starting a drift detection operation after importing.
- Resources that depend on other resources must all be imported together, or one-by-one
in the right order. If you do not, the CloudFormation deployment will fail
with unresolved references.
- Uses the deploy role credentials (necessary to read the encrypted staging
bucket). Requires version 12 of the bootstrap stack, for the added
IAM permissions to the deploy-role.

$3

⚠️CAUTION⚠️: CDK Migrate is currently experimental and may have breaking changes in the future.

CDK Migrate generates a CDK app from deployed AWS resources using --from-scan, deployed AWS CloudFormation stacks using --from-stack, and local AWS CloudFormation templates using --from-path.

To learn more about the CDK Migrate feature, see Migrate to AWS CDK. For more information on cdk migrate command options, see cdk migrate command reference.

The new CDK app will be initialized in the current working directory and will include a single stack that is named with the value you provide using --stack-name. The new stack, app, and directory will all use this name. To specify a different output directory, use --output-path. You can create the new CDK app in any CDK supported programming language using --language.

#### Migrate from an AWS CloudFormation stack

Migrate from a deployed AWS CloudFormation stack in a specific AWS account and AWS Region using --from-stack. Provide --stack-name to identify the name of your stack. Account and Region information are retrieved from default CDK CLI sources. Use --account and --region options to provide other values. The following is an example that migrates myCloudFormationStack to a new CDK app using TypeScript:

`console
$ cdk migrate --language typescript --from-stack --stack-name 'myCloudFormationStack'
`

#### Migrate from a local AWS CloudFormation template

Migrate from a local YAML or JSON AWS CloudFormation template using --from-path. Provide a name for the stack that will be created in your new CDK app using --stack-name. Account and Region information are retrieved from default CDK CLI sources. Use --account and --region options to provide other values. The following is an example that creates a new CDK app using TypeScript that includes a myCloudFormationStack stack from a local template.json file:

`console
$ cdk migrate --language typescript --from-path "./template.json" --stack-name "myCloudFormationStack"
`

#### Migrate from deployed AWS resources

Migrate from deployed AWS resources in a specific AWS account and Region that are not associated with an AWS CloudFormation stack using --from-scan. These would be resources that were provisioned outside of an IaC tool. CDK Migrate utilizes the IaC generator service to scan for resources and generate a template. Then, the CDK CLI references the template to create a new CDK app. To learn more about IaC generator, see Generating templates for existing resources.

Account and Region information are retrieved from default CDK CLI sources. Use --account and --region options to provide other values. The following is an example that creates a new CDK app using TypeScript that includes a new myCloudFormationStack stack from deployed resources:

`console
$ cdk migrate --language typescript --from-scan --stack-name "myCloudFormationStack"
`

Since CDK Migrate relies on the IaC generator service, any limitations of IaC generator will apply to CDK Migrate. For general limitations, see Considerations.

IaC generator limitations with discovering resource and property values will also apply here. As a result, CDK Migrate will only migrate resources supported by IaC generator. Some of your resources may not be supported and some property values may not be accessible. For more information, see Iac generator and write-only properties and Supported resource types.

You can specify filters using --filter to specify which resources to migrate. This is a good option to use if you are over the IaC generator total resource limit.

After migration, you must resolve any write-only properties that were detected by IaC generator from your deployed resources. To learn more, see Resolve write-only properties.

#### Examples

##### Generate a TypeScript CDK app from a local AWS CloudFormation template.json file

`console
$ # template.json is a valid cloudformation template in the local directory
$ cdk migrate --stack-name MyAwesomeApplication --language typescript --from-path MyTemplate.json
`

This command generates a new directory named MyAwesomeApplication within your current working directory, and
then initializes a new CDK application within that directory. The CDK app contains a MyAwesomeApplication stack with resources configured to match those in your local CloudFormation template.

This results in a CDK application with the following structure, where the lib directory contains a stack definition
with the same resource configuration as the provided template.json.

`console
├── README.md
├── bin
│ └── my_awesome_application.ts
├── cdk.json
├── jest.config.js
├── lib
│ └── my_awesome_application-stack.ts
├── package.json
├── tsconfig.json
`

##### Generate a Python CDK app from a deployed stack

If you already have a CloudFormation stack deployed in your account and would like to manage it with CDK, you can migrate the deployed stack to a new CDK app. The value provided with --stack-name must match the name of the deployed stack.

`console
$ # generate a Python application from MyDeployedStack in your account
$ cdk migrate --stack-name MyDeployedStack --language python --from-stack
`

This will generate a Python CDK app which will synthesize the same configuration of resources as the deployed stack.

##### Generate a TypeScript CDK app from deployed AWS resources that are not associated with a stack

If you have resources in your account that were provisioned outside AWS IaC tools and would like to manage them with the CDK, you can use the --from-scan option to generate the application.

In this example, we use the --filter option to specify which resources to migrate. You can filter resources to limit the number of resources migrated to only those specified by the --filter option, including any resources they depend on, or resources that depend on them (for example A filter which specifies a single Lambda Function, will find that specific table and any alarms that may monitor it). The --filter argument offers both AND as well as OR filtering.

OR filtering can be specified by passing multiple --filter options, and AND filtering can be specified by passing a single --filter option with multiple comma separated key/value pairs as seen below (see below for examples). It is recommended to use the --filter option to limit the number of resources returned as some resource types provide sample resources by default in all accounts which can add to the resource limits.

--from-scan takes 3 potential arguments: --new, most-recent, and undefined. If --new is passed, CDK Migrate will initiate a new scan of the account and use that new scan to discover resources. If --most-recent is passed, CDK Migrate will use the most recent scan of the account to discover resources. If neither --new nor --most-recent are passed, CDK Migrate will take the most recent scan of the account to discover resources, unless there is no recent scan, in which case it will initiate a new scan.

`console


Filtering options

`console
$ # Generate a typescript application from all un-managed resources in your account
$ cdk migrate --stack-name MyAwesomeApplication --language typescript --from-scan

$ # Generate a typescript application from all un-managed resources in your account with the tag key "Environment" AND the tag value "Production"
$ cdk migrate --stack-name MyAwesomeApplication --language typescript --from-scan --filter tag-key=Environment,tag-value=Production

$ # Generate a python application from any dynamoDB resources with the tag-key "dev" AND the tag-value "true" OR any SQS::Queue
$ cdk migrate --stack-name MyAwesomeApplication --language python --from-scan --filter type=AWS::DynamoDb::,tag-key=dev,tag-value=true --filter type=SQS::Queue

$ # Generate a typescript application from a specific lambda function by providing it's specific resource identifier
$ cdk migrate --stack-name MyAwesomeApplication --language typescript --from-scan --filter identifier=myAwesomeLambdaFunction
`

#### CDK Migrate Limitations

- CDK Migrate does not currently support nested stacks, custom resources, or the Fn::ForEach intrinsic function.

- CDK Migrate will only generate L1 constructs and does not currently support any higher level abstractions.

- CDK Migrate successfully generating an application does not guarantee the application is immediately deployable.
It simply generates a CDK application which will synthesize a template that has identical resource configurations
to the provided template.

- CDK Migrate does not interact with the CloudFormation service to verify the template
provided can deploy on its own. Although by default any CDK app generated using the --from-scan option exclude
CloudFormation managed resources, CDK Migrate will not verify prior to deployment that any resources scanned, or in the provided
template are already managed in other CloudFormation templates, nor will it verify that the resources in the provided
template are available in the desired regions, which may impact ADC or Opt-In regions.

- If the provided template has parameters without default values, those will need to be provided
before deploying the generated application.

In practice this is how CDK Migrate generated applications will operate in the following scenarios:

| Situation | Result |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Provided template + stack-name is from a deployed stack in the account/region | The CDK application will deploy as a changeset to the existing stack |
| Provided template has no overlap with resources already in the account/region | The CDK application will deploy a new stack successfully |
| Provided template has overlap with Cloudformation managed resources already in the account/region | The CDK application will not be deployable unless those resources are removed |
| Provided template has overlap with un-managed resources already in the account/region | The CDK application will not be deployable until those resources are adopted with cdk import |
| No template has been provided and resources exist in the region the scan is done | The CDK application will be immediatly deployable and will import those resources into a new cloudformation stack upon deploy |

##### The provided template is already deployed to CloudFormation in the account/region

If the provided template came directly from a deployed CloudFormation stack, and that stack has not experienced any drift,
then the generated application will be immediately deployable, and will not cause any changes to the deployed resources.
Drift might occur if a resource in your template was modified outside of CloudFormation, namely via the AWS Console or AWS CLI.

##### The provided template is not deployed to CloudFormation in the account/region, and there is not overlap with existing resources in the account/region

If the provided template represents a set of resources that have no overlap with resources already deployed in the account/region,
then the generated application will be immediately deployable. This could be because the stack has never been deployed, or
the application was generated from a stack deployed in another account/region.

In practice this means for any resource in the provided template, for example,

`Json
"S3Bucket": {
"Type": "AWS::S3::Bucket",
"Properties": {
"BucketName": "amzn-s3-demo-bucket",
"AccessControl": "PublicRead",
},
"DeletionPolicy": "Retain"
}
`

There must not exist a resource of that type with the same identifier in the desired region. In this example that identfier
would be "amzn-s3-demo-bucket"

##### The provided template is not deployed to CloudFormation in the account/region, and there is overlap with existing resources in the account/region

If the provided template represents a set of resources that overlap with resources already deployed in the account/region,
then the generated application will not be immediately deployable. If those overlapped resources are already managed by
another CloudFormation stack in that account/region, then those resources will need to be manually removed from the provided
template. Otherwise, if the overlapped resources are not managed by another CloudFormation stack, then first remove those
resources from your CDK Application Stack, deploy the cdk application successfully, then re-add them and run cdk import
to import them into your deployed stack.

$3

Deletes a stack from it's environment. This will cause the resources in the stack to be destroyed (unless they were
configured with a DeletionPolicy of Retain). During the stack destruction, the command will output progress
information similar to what cdk deploy provides.

`console
$ cdk destroy --app='node bin/main.js' MyStackName
`

$3

Deploys a CDKToolkit CloudFormation stack into the specified environment(s), that provides an S3 bucket
and ECR repository that cdk deploy will use to store synthesized templates and the related assets, before
triggering a CloudFormation stack update. The name of the deployed stack can be configured using the
--toolkit-stack-name argument. The S3 Bucket Public Access Block Configuration can be configured using
the --public-access-block-configuration argument. ECR uses immutable tags for images.

`console
$ # Deploys to all environments
$ cdk bootstrap --app='node bin/main.js'

$ # Deploys only to environments foo and bar
$ cdk bootstrap --app='node bin/main.js' foo bar
`

By default, bootstrap stack will be protected from stack termination. This can be disabled using
--termination-protection argument.

If you have specific prerequisites not met by the example template, you can
customize it
to fit your requirements, by exporting the provided one to a file and either deploying it yourself
using CloudFormation directly, or by telling the CLI to use a custom template. That looks as follows:

`console


Dump the built-in template to a file

- --example-permissions-boundary indicates the example permissions boundary, supplied by CDK
- --custom-permissions-boundary specifies, by name a predefined, customer maintained, boundary

A few notes to add at this point. The CDK supplied permissions boundary policy should be regarded as
an example. Edit the content and reference the example policy if you're testing out the feature, turn
it into a new policy for actual deployments (if one does not already exist). The concern here is drift
as, most likely, a permissions boundary is maintained and has dedicated conventions, naming included.

For more information on configuring permissions, including using permissions
boundaries see the Security And Safety Dev Guide

Once a bootstrap template has been deployed with a set of parameters, you must
use the --no-previous-parameters CLI flag to change any of these parameters on
future deployments.

> Note Please note that when you use this flag, you must resupply
>all previously supplied parameters.

For example if you bootstrap with a custom permissions boundary

`console
cdk bootstrap --custom-permissions-boundary my-permissions-boundary
`

In order to remove that permissions boundary you have to specify the
--no-previous-parameters option.

`console
cdk bootstrap --no-previous-parameters
`

$3

CDK Garbage Collection.

> [!CAUTION]
> CDK Garbage Collection is under development and therefore must be opted in via the
>--unstable flag: cdk gc --unstable=gc. --unstable indicates that the scope and
> API of feature might still change. Otherwise the feature is generally production
> ready and fully supported.

cdk gc garbage collects unused assets from your bootstrap bucket via the following mechanism:

- for each object in the bootstrap S3 Bucket, check to see if it is referenced in any existing CloudFormation templates
- if not, it is treated as unused and gc will either tag it or delete it, depending on your configuration.

The high-level mechanism works identically for unused assets in bootstrapped ECR Repositories.

The most basic usage looks like this:

`console
cdk gc --unstable=gc
`

This will garbage collect all unused assets in all environments of the existing CDK App.

To specify one type of asset, use the type option (options are all, s3, ecr):

`console
cdk gc --unstable=gc --type=s3
`

Otherwise cdk gc defaults to collecting assets in both the bootstrapped S3 Bucket and ECR Repository.

cdk gc will garbage collect S3 and ECR assets from the current bootstrapped environment(s) and immediately delete them. Note that, since the default bootstrap S3 Bucket is versioned, object deletion will be handled by the lifecycle
policy on the bucket.

Before we begin to delete your assets, you will be prompted:

`console
cdk gc --unstable=gc

Found X objects to delete based off of the following criteria:
- objects have been isolated for > 0 days
- objects were created > 1 days ago

Delete this batch (yes/no/delete-all)?
`

Since it's quite possible that the bootstrap bucket has many objects, we work in batches of 1000 objects or 100 images.
To skip the prompt either reply with delete-all, or use the --confirm=false option.

`console
cdk gc --unstable=gc --confirm=false
`

If you are concerned about deleting assets too aggressively, there are multiple levers you can configure:

- rollback-buffer-days: this is the amount of days an asset has to be marked as isolated before it is elligible for deletion.
- created-buffer-days: this is the amount of days an asset must live before it is elligible for deletion.

When using rollback-buffer-days, instead of deleting unused objects, cdk gc will tag them with
today's date instead. It will also check if any objects have been tagged by previous runs of cdk gc
and delete them if they have been tagged for longer than the buffer days.

When using created-buffer-days, we simply filter out any assets that have not persisted that number
of days.

`console
cdk gc --unstable=gc --rollback-buffer-days=30 --created-buffer-days=1
`

You can also configure the scope that cdk gc performs via the --action option. By default, all actions
are performed, but you can specify print, tag, or delete-tagged.

- print performs no changes to your AWS account, but finds and prints the number of unused assets.
- tag tags any newly unused assets, but does not delete any unused assets.
- delete-tagged deletes assets that have been tagged for longer than the buffer days, but does not tag newly unused assets.

`console
cdk gc --unstable=gc --action=delete-tagged --rollback-buffer-days=30
`

This will delete assets that have been unused for >30 days, but will not tag additional assets.

Here is a diagram that shows the algorithm of garbage collection:

!Diagram of Garbage Collection algorithm

#### Theoretical Race Condition with REVIEW_IN_PROGRESS stacks

When gathering stack templates, we are currently ignoring REVIEW_IN_PROGRESS stacks as no template
is available during the time the stack is in that state. However, stacks in REVIEW_IN_PROGRESS have already
passed through the asset uploading step, where it either uploads new assets or ensures that the asset exists.
Therefore it is possible the assets it references are marked as isolated and garbage collected before the stack
template is available.

Our recommendation is to not deploy stacks and run garbage collection at the same time. If that is unavoidable,
setting --created-buffer-days will help as garbage collection will avoid deleting assets that are recently
created. Finally, if you do result in a failed deployment, the mitigation is to redeploy, as the asset upload step
will be able to reupload the missing asset.

In practice, this race condition is only for a specific edge case and unlikely to happen but please open an
issue if you think that this has happened to your stack.

$3

Inspect the current command-line environment and configurations, and collect information that can be useful for
troubleshooting problems. It is usually a good idea to include the information provided by this command when submitting
a bug report.

`console
$ cdk doctor
ℹ️ CDK Version: 1.0.0 (build e64993a)
ℹ️ AWS environment variables:
- AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED = 1
- AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG = 1
`

$3

⚠️CAUTION⚠️: CDK Refactor is currently experimental and may have
breaking changes in the future. Make sure to use the --unstable=refactor flag
when using this command.

Compares the infrastructure specified in the current state of the CDK app with
the currently deployed application, to determine if any resource was moved
(to a different stack or to a different logical ID, or both). In keeping with
the CloudFormation API, you are not allowed to modify the set of resources
as part of a refactor. In other words, adding, deleting or updating resources
is considered an error.

The CLI will show the correspondence between the old and new locations in a table:

`
$ cdk refactor --unstable=refactor --dry-run

The following resources were moved or renamed:

┌───────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────┐
│ Resource Type │ Old Construct Path │ New Construct Path │
├───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ AWS::S3::Bucket │ MyStack/Bucket/Resource │ Web/Website/Origin/Resource │
├───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ AWS::CloudFront::Distribution │ MyStack/Distribution/Resource │ Web/Website/Distribution/Resource │
├───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ AWS::Lambda::Function │ MyStack/Function/Resource │ Service/Function/Resource │
└───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────┘
`

Note the use of the --dry-run flag. When this flag is used, the CLI will
show this table and exit. Eventually, the CLI will also be able to automatically
apply the refactor on your CloudFormation stacks. But for now, only the dry-run
mode is supported.

If your application has more than one stack, and you want the refactor
command to consider only a subset of them, you can specify the stacks you
want, both local and deployed:

`shell
$ cdk refactor Test* ProdStack --unstable=refactor --dry-run
`

This is useful if, for example, you have more than one CDK application deployed
to a given environment, and you want to only include the deployed stacks that
belong to the application that you are refactoring.

The pattern language is the same as the one used in the cdk deploy command.
However, unlike cdk deploy, in the absence of this parameter, all stacks are
considered.

The CLI's default behavior is to include in the comparison only the deployed
stacks that have a counterpart (stack with the same name) locally. If you want
to include additional deployed stacks in the comparison, pass their names using
the --additional-stack-name option:

`shell
$ cdk refactor --unstable=refactor --dry-run --additional-stack-name=Foo --additional-stack-name=Bar
`

In case of ambiguities, the CLI will display a table like this:

`
Detected ambiguities:
┌───┬──────────────────────┐
│ │ Resource │
├───┼──────────────────────┤
│ - │ Stack2/DLQ/Resource │
│ │ Stack2/DLQ2/Resource │
├───┼──────────────────────┤
│ + │ Stack1/DLQ/Resource │
│ │ Stack1/DLQ2/Resource │
└───┴──────────────────────┘
`

You can resolve this ambiguity manually, by passing an override file via the
--override-file= CLI option. This file should contain a JSON object
with the following structure:

`json
{
"mappings": [
{
"account": "123456789012",
"region": "us-east-1",
"resources": {
"Stack2.OldName": "Stack2.NewName"
}
}
]
}
`

where resources is a mapping of resources from source to destination
locations for a given environment. Resource locations are in the format
StackName.LogicalId.The source must refer to a location where there is a
resource currently deployed, while the destination must refer to a location
that is not already occupied by any resource.

#### How resources are compared

To determine if a resource was moved or renamed, the CLI computes a digest
for each resource, both in the deployed stacks and in the local stacks, and
then compares the digests.

Conceptually, the digest is computed as:

`
digest(resource) = hash(type + properties + dependencies.map(d))
`

where hash is a cryptographic hash function. In other words, the digest of a
resource is computed from its type, its own properties (that is, excluding
properties that refer to other resources), and the digests of each of its
dependencies. The digest of a resource, defined recursively this way, remains
stable even if one or more of its dependencies gets renamed. Since the
resources in a CloudFormation template form a directed acyclic graph, this
function is well-defined.

Resources that have the same digest, but different locations, are considered to be
the same resource, and therefore to have been moved or renamed.

#### Limitations
- A refactor cannot leave a stack empty. This is a CloudFormation API limitation,
that also applies to deployments.
- Creation of new stacks during a refactor is not supported. If you need to
create a new stack, do it in a separate deployment, previous to refactoring.

$3

Checks if there is any drift in your stack or stacks. If you need the command
to return a non-zero if any differences are found, you need to use the --fail
command line option.

`console
$ # Detect drift against the currently-deployed stack
$ cdk drift

$ # Detect drift against a specific stack
$ cdk drift MyStackName
`

Note that there are some resources that do not support drift detection. You can
see which of these resources were left unchecked with the --verbose command line
option.

`console
$ # Detect drift against the currently-deployed stack with the verbose flag enabled
$ cdk drift --verbose
`

$3

Enables or disables cli telemetry collection for your local CDK App. Records your
choice in cdk.context.json. You can also set your preference manually under the context key in your
~/.cdk.json file or /cdk.json file.

`bash
$ # Disable telemetry
$ cdk cli-telemetry --disable

$ # Enable telemetry
$ cdk cli-telemetry --enable
`

You can also check the current status on whether your CDK App is opted in or out of
cli telemetry collection. Note that this takes into account all methods of disabling
cli telemetry, including environment variables and
context values
that can be set in many different ways (such as ~/.cdk.json).

`bash
$ # Check the current status of telemetry
$ cdk cli-telemetry --status
`


$3

View and modify your feature flag configurations.

Run cdk flags to see a report of your feature flag configurations that differ from our recommended states. Unconfigured flags will be labelled with to show that flag currently has no value. The flags are displayed to you in the following order:

1. flags whose states do not match our recommended values
2. flags that are not configured at all

`shell
$ cdk flags --unstable=flags
Feature Flag Recommended User
* @aws-cdk/... true false
* @aws-cdk/... true false
* @aws-cdk/... true
`

Alternatively, you can also run cdk flags --all to see a report of all feature flags in the following order:

1. flags whose states match our recommended values
2. flags whose states do not match our recommended values
3. flags that are not configured at all

`shell
$ cdk flags --unstable=flags --all
Feature Flag Recommended User
@aws-cdk/... true true
* @aws-cdk/... true false
* @aws-cdk/... true false
* @aws-cdk/... true
`

$3

To modify your feature flags interactively, you can run cdk flags --interactive (or cdk flags -i) to view a list of menu options.

To change every single feature flag to our recommended value and potentially overwrite existing configured values, run cdk flags --set --recommended --all. To keep feature flag configuration up-to-date with the latest CDK feature flag configurations, use this command.

`shell
$ cdk flags --unstable=flags --set --recommended --all
Feature Flag Recommended Value User Value
* @aws-cdk/... true false
* @aws-cdk/... true false
* @aws-cdk/... true
Synthesizing...
Resources
[~] AWS::S3::Bucket MyBucket
└─ [~] Properties
└─ [~] Encryption
...
Number of stacks with differences: 2
Do you want to accept these changes? (y/n) y
Resynthesizing...
``

If you would prefer your existin