Getting Started with bool.js

This is the very absolute beginners guide you'll need to understand how you can start using bool.js

Prerequisites

* Node.js v8.9.0 (LTS): No, you can't escape from this, as our incredibly modern API uses the latest features of the ES6 standard, such as classes, async syntax and everything else in the middle. Also, is highly recommended to keep in line with LTS support.
* npm 5+: Is now necessary, because plugins peer-depend on bool.js API and npm5+ enforces these dependencies to be fulfilled.
* Git 1.9.0 or later: Recommended for having control in every aspect of your project as it rapidly grows.

Let's begin

> _TL;DR_
>
> You can do it in two ways: the hard one or the easy one. The first implies cloning our boilerplate, taking your time to deeply know the workspace and begin the project by .

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Start by cloning the boilerplate,

``bash
git clone https://github.com/booljs/booljs-boilerplate.git sample
`

Once you get it, open the folder where it is located and delete last

`bash
cd sample
rm -rf .git
git init
`

Then, initialize the project and install bool.js

`bash
npm init
npm install -S bool.js
`

Finally, modify line 2 in index.js, should look like this:
`js
var booljs = require('bool.js');
`

And fill out the base namespace of your application (yes, we use namespaces, I'll tell you about this later) in line 5. For example, if your API is being located in http://api.awesomeapp.com, your namespace would be something like:
`js
booljs('com.awesomeapp.api').run();
`

index.js will end up this way:

`js
'use strict';
var booljs = require('bool.js');

// Here is where magic happens
booljs('com.awesomeapp.api').run();
`

Now, you're ready to start.

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Simple as this: install bool.js in your computer through npm.

`bash
sudo npm install -g booljs-cli
`

Then, use the CLI to start the application. Fill out the namespace (yes, we use namespaces, I'll tell you about this later) and the directory where your project is being created. In case you don't mention a path, CLI will use the one you're being located.

`bash
bool create [dir]
`

Follow the instructions and you're done.

First run

> The basic code comes with an example of: configuration files, found in… configuration (D'Oh!) folder, controllers, DAO (or business logic, if you think in a better name than ours, let us know here), models, and plugins.

We prepared a _kitten free_ sample using a dog store, where you can see how to create a resource. Just type node index.js and you're in.

Dissecting workspace structure

> TL;DR
>
> Bool.js code is plain functions with at least one parameter: app, which is a reference to the namespace-based components, from where you can instantiate your code. Those return the objects you can use everywhere in your application. They can be controllers, DAO, models, routes and plugins.
>
> Models and routes are very strict in their structure, as they're the interfaces to connect the rest of the architecture and follow the specifications of the database and web server drivers. The others (unless specified) are designed up to your criteria, following certain code styles and conventions.
>
> Finally, depending on how you name your files, they will be referenced as CamelCase classes in the namespace structure.

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If javascript is not your first programming language, you'll probably know the concept of namespaces. I mean, they exist almost everywhere: Python, Java, C++/C#… even PHP use them, altough you didn't know it. However, if you are not familiar to them, here's the best introduction you'll ever find about what a namespace is.

> Namespaces are a hierarchical way to arrange code, dividing it into... what? You said it'd be easy. Let's start again.

Have you ever used sorted your music in folders? First you sort them by artist, them by albums and finally (if needed) by CD numbers. Then, you look up your favorite songs easier than having all them merged in one place, in a way like: artist/album/cd1/my_favourite_song.mp3.

Well, that kind of sorting can be made in code too! We call it namespaces, and are simple as this: sort code into similar kinds of behaviours, so if you'd like to know where is the (for example): Dog's controller, you'll find it into the controllers module, into the application. Then, look up in a way like this: application.controllers.Dog. Pretty similar, huh?

In bool.js there are seven essential kinds of components: configuration files, controllers, business logic code (better known as DAO), models, routes, plugins and views.

All of them come from a single base object, defined as a parameter in the modules' header.

#### File conventions

Bool.js uses the filenames to call classes in the application skeleton. Here are the basic rules:

1. A class is called like the filename, with its first letter capitalized.
2. If a _ character is found, is taken as a word separator, and is processed as another word, giving each word the same treatment of rule 1.

##### Examples

controllers/dog.js gets transformed into controllers.Dog
models/artist_albums gets transformet into models.ArtistAlbums

And so on…

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A module is basically a function containing executable code, which passes parameters referencing the application's other components through namespaces, as well as other parameters: database drivers, libraries, etc. You can recognize them as code files into the following folders: controllers, dao, plugins, models and routes.

They consist of three parts: the header definitions, the code body and the returning section. Now, let's examine very carefully each one of these.

#### Header section

This is the part of code defining what is going to be exported as a component. Consists of a use strict header, because we like to be strict, but safe; and a module.exports sentence returning a function. The function takes at least one parameter: can be called whatever you want, but we recommend to call it app, so you will know it is about the application's status.

`js
'use strict';

module.exports = function (app) {

};
`

#### Definitions section

Essentially is the part where you define your variables. Here you are free to do whatever you want, with some recommendations.

1. Don't use require. The reason to make bool.js namespace-based is precisely to avoid making complicated calls to files. If you have a recurring piece of code you want to use, then create a module of it in the plugins folder, and then you can call it instantiating the component app.plugins.WhateverYouCanCallItPlugin.
2. Never declare variables or running code outside code body, before or after the function definition. This is an anti-pattern as can turn your code non-stateless, and eventually cause troubles.
3. When you are importing application components, remember to point constructors: then, in the code body, instantiate them, so you'll maintain your code statelessly.

A good example of achieving this, is the definition section of a controller.

`js
'use strict';

module.exports = function (app) {
var Dog = app.dao.Dog
, Json = app.views.Json
, Uuid = app.plugins.Uuid;

}
`

#### Code body

Here comes the fun part. The code body is exactly that: an object (array, function, whatever), where you put all your skills and imagination to make it work. Generally, is a literal object (yes, a moustache {} containing a bunch of functions and fields) where executable code is located, and is returned by the function to be used in other parts of the application. Depending on the component type, you must follow some interfaces for these functions, like controllers, but this doesn't always happen.

Here is an example of a code body, from the controller:

`js
return {
list: function (req, res, next) {
var dog = new Dog()
, json = new Json();

json.promise(dog.list(req.query), res, next);
},
create: function (req, res, next) {
var dog = new Dog()
, json = new Json();

json.promise(dog.create(req.body), res, next);
},
update: function (req, res, next) {
var dog = new Dog()
, json = new Json();

dog.update(req.params.id, req.body, function (err, data) {
if(err) return next(err);
json.standard(data);
});
}
};
`

Although we use to return functions in a literal object, a good (and sometimes cleaner) choice might be returning a reference to this and declaring functions as fields of the function. This is something like the following example.

`js
this.list = function (req, res, next) {
var dog = new Dog()
, json = new Json();

json.promise(dog.list(req.query), res, next);
};

this.create = function (req, res, next) {
var dog = new Dog()
, json = new Json();

json.promise(dog.create(req.body), res, next);
};

this.update = function (req, res, next) {
var dog = new Dog()
, json = new Json();

dog.update(req.params.id, req.body, function (err, data) {
if(err) return next(err);
json.standard(data);
});
};

return this;
`

This way is often used in mongoose models, because we are returning a Schema instance, and into it, we declare handy functions and mongoose plugins.

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Router components are _modules_ that contain an array of routes that must be deployed by the web server driver. A route is a literal object ({}), defining the necessary elements to describe a path to be deployed by the web server's router.

The collection of elements include the path, denoted by url field; the HTTP verbose method, method field; the handler, a controller identified by action field, and that must comply the web server's specifications, but is generally a function with two parameters: request and response.

Depending on middleware loaded to be implemented, other fields, known as policies, could be included in the router definition. For example: bool.js default's web server implementation, express.js, includes a middleware to output CORS headers.

`js
'use strict';

module.exports = function (app) {
var dog = new app.controllers.Dog();

return [
{
method: 'get',
url: '/dog',
action: dog.list
},
{
method: 'get',
url: '/dog/:id',
action: dog.find
}
];
};
`

#### Policy types: mandatory and omittable.

None of the policies are required to be included in the route's definition. However, middleware is required to specify whether they can be activated or disabled. Mandatory policies are those which need to exist in the route's definition with a specific value to activate the middleware in the route. Contrary to first ones, omittable policies are those which were declared in the route's definition disable the behaviour of the middleware for a specific route.

I apply booljs-cors and booljs-oauth plugins to an API. First one defines a Middleware with mandatory policies, while OAuth plugin is omittable. In that case, if I define these routes:

`js
{
method: 'get',
url: '/dog/:id',
action: dog.find,
cors: true
},
{
method: 'get',
url: '/dog',
action: dog.list
public: true
}
`

OAuth will execute in the first route, because its disable policy public: true doesn't appear. In the second case, because CORS type is mandatory, won't set headers, however, it won't require a Bearer authorization, because we've declared the disable policy.

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Less strict than routers, but still following the server's specifications, controllers define the point where the web requests are received and start gathering information to process its behaviour. Their code body must return an object containing functions.

Each function passes two essential parameters: the request information, as well as the server's response. Depending on the server's implementation, some other parameters (such as next) can be passed.

If included in the server's implementation (default's implementation includes one), you can apply views, which are prebuilt responses for API calls.

Also, is recommended that routers don't reference more than one controller, because this will cause multiple instances of them, and it's recommended to have just one of them. To avoid issues, load references in code body, not in the definitions section.

Finally, avoid combining the business logic code (field validations, complex joining operations). To achieve that goal, you must code these operations in DAO components: they are the main point to the back-end of the API, and should be carefully documented for project's developers or other's projects which use your project's resources via calling them in API requires.

`js
'use strict';

module.exports = function (app) {
var Dog = app.dao.Dog
, Json = app.views.Json;

return {
list: function (req, res) {
new Dog().list(req.query, function (err, data) {
if(err) {
Json.error(err, res);
}
Json.standard(data, res);
});
},
find: function (req, res, next) {
/*
* booljs-express' Json view includes a promises processor and
* handles errors via next
*/
new Json().promise(new Dog().find(req.params.id), res, next);
}
};
}
`

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DAO components are the most important part of the bool.js architecture: serve as projects' internal API, as well as being the separation point between API's front-end and back-end. Behind this point you can't handle web anything related to web, socket or any kind of external operations, however you got access to data origins, validation tools and utilities and greater resources.

Code body must return an object. Unless specified by a requiring plugin (such as booljs-oauth), the structure is completely free. However, we keep recommending you to use the code conventions for definition section.

As we told you before, you can use a lot of resources, specially those coming from the namespace app.utils: they are utilities you declare from native libraries in node.js, and aren't defined as plugins, so they work as expected in their original documentation.

FAQ

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Bool.js is an MVC Framework. But is not just any other framework; it gives us back the power to choose how to organize a well-designed project, so we can choose our dependencies, craft our architecture, choose our data connectors, and finally, work based on cool development structures without hesitating about learning the framework as is.

Bool.js also reminds the importance of having a cool workspace structure. That's why it's based on namespaces, leading us to focus on our code rather than focusing on managin complicated references to other files in our project.

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Of course you can. Bool.js is Free Software (not as in a free beer, but in free as a bird). Just remember to update all of your dependencies, arrange your code in the right project structure (we're very tight at that) and finally, use Node.js 4.0.0` or further versions.