jsonld

jsonld.js
=========


Introduction
------------

This library is an implementation of the [JSON-LD][] specification in
JavaScript.

JSON, as specified in [RFC7159][], is a simple language for representing
objects on the Web. Linked Data is a way of describing content across
different documents or Web sites. Web resources are described using
IRIs, and typically are dereferenceable entities that may be used to find
more information, creating a "Web of Knowledge". [JSON-LD][] is intended
to be a simple publishing method for expressing not only Linked Data in
JSON, but for adding semantics to existing JSON.

JSON-LD is designed as a light-weight syntax that can be used to express
Linked Data. It is primarily intended to be a way to express Linked Data
in JavaScript and other Web-based programming environments. It is also
useful when building interoperable Web Services and when storing Linked
Data in JSON-based document storage engines. It is practical and
designed to be as simple as possible, utilizing the large number of JSON
parsers and existing code that is in use today. It is designed to be
able to express key-value pairs, RDF data, [RDFa][] data,
[Microformats][] data, and [Microdata][]. That is, it supports every
major Web-based structured data model in use today.

The syntax does not require many applications to change their JSON, but
easily add meaning by adding context in a way that is either in-band or
out-of-band. The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed
systems running on JSON, but provide a smooth migration path from JSON
to JSON with added semantics. Finally, the format is intended to be fast
to parse, fast to generate, stream-based and document-based processing
compatible, and require a very small memory footprint in order to operate.

Conformance
-----------

This library aims to conform with the following:

* [JSON-LD 1.0][],
W3C Recommendation,
2014-01-16, and any [errata][]
* [JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API][JSON-LD 1.0 API],
W3C Recommendation,
2014-01-16, and any [errata][]
* [JSON-LD 1.0 Framing][JSON-LD 1.0 Framing],
Unofficial Draft,
2012-08-30
* [JSON-LD 1.1][JSON-LD CG 1.1],
Draft Community Group Report,
2018-06-07 or [newer][JSON-LD CG latest]
* [JSON-LD 1.1 Processing Algorithms and API][JSON-LD CG 1.1 API],
Draft Community Group Report,
2018-06-07 or [newer][JSON-LD CG API latest]
* [JSON-LD 1.1 Framing][JSON-LD CG 1.1 Framing],
Draft Community Group Report,
2018-06-07 or [newer][JSON-LD CG Framing latest]
* Community Group [test suite][]

The [JSON-LD Working Group][JSON-LD WG] is now developing JSON-LD 1.1. Library
updates to conform with newer specifications will happen as features stabilize
and development time and resources permit.

* [JSON-LD 1.1][JSON-LD WG 1.1],
W3C Working Draft,
2018-12-14 or [newer][JSON-LD WG latest]
* [JSON-LD 1.1 Processing Algorithms and API][JSON-LD WG 1.1 API],
W3C Working Draft,
2018-12-14 or [newer][JSON-LD WG API latest]
* [JSON-LD 1.1 Framing][JSON-LD WG 1.1 Framing],
W3C Working Draft,
2018-12-14 or [newer][JSON-LD WG Framing latest]
* Working Group [test suite][WG test suite]

The [test runner][] is often updated to note or skip newer tests that are not
yet supported.

Installation
------------

$3

``
npm install jsonld
`

`js
const jsonld = require('jsonld');
`

$3

`
npm install jsonld
`

Use your favorite bundling technology ([webpack][], [Rollup][], etc) to
directly bundle your code that loads jsonld. Note that you will need support
for ES2017+ code.

$3

The built npm package includes bundled code suitable for use in browsers. Two
versions are provided:

- ./dist/jsonld.min.js: A version built for wide compatibility with modern
and older browsers. Includes many polyfills and code transformations and is
larger and less efficient.
- ./dist/jsonld.esm.min.js: A version built for features available in
browsers that support ES Modules. Fewer polyfills and transformations are
required making the code smaller and more efficient.

The two bundles can be used at the same to to allow modern browsers to use
newer code. Lookup using script tags with type="module" and nomodule.

Also see the webpack.config.js if you would like to make a custom bundle for
specific targets.

#### Browser (AMD) + npm

`
npm install jsonld
`

Use your favorite technology to load node_modules/dist/jsonld.min.js.

#### CDNJS CDN

To use CDNJS include this script tag:

`html

`

Check https://cdnjs.com/libraries/jsonld for the latest available version.

#### jsDeliver CDN

To use jsDeliver include this script tag:

`html

`

See https://www.jsdelivr.com/package/npm/jsonld for the latest available version.

#### unpkg CDN

To use unpkg include this script tag:

`html


`

See https://unpkg.com/jsonld/ for the latest available version.

$3

`
jspm install npm:jsonld
`

` js
import * as jsonld from 'jsonld';
// or
import {promises} from 'jsonld';
// or
import {JsonLdProcessor} from 'jsonld';
`

Examples
--------

Example data and context used throughout examples below:
`js
const doc = {
"http://schema.org/name": "Manu Sporny",
"http://schema.org/url": {"@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"},
"http://schema.org/image": {"@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"}
};
const context = {
"name": "http://schema.org/name",
"homepage": {"@id": "http://schema.org/url", "@type": "@id"},
"image": {"@id": "http://schema.org/image", "@type": "@id"}
};
`

$3

`js
// compact a document according to a particular context
const compacted = await jsonld.compact(doc, context);
console.log(JSON.stringify(compacted, null, 2));
/* Output:
{
"@context": {...},
"name": "Manu Sporny",
"homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
"image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
}
*/

// compact using URLs
const compacted = await jsonld.compact(
'http://example.org/doc', 'http://example.org/context', ...);
`

$3

`js
// expand a document, removing its context
const expanded = await jsonld.expand(compacted);
/* Output:
{
"http://schema.org/name": [{"@value": "Manu Sporny"}],
"http://schema.org/url": [{"@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"}],
"http://schema.org/image": [{"@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"}]
}
*/

// expand using URLs
const expanded = await jsonld.expand('http://example.org/doc', ...);
`

$3

`js
// flatten a document
const flattened = await jsonld.flatten(doc);
// output has all deep-level trees flattened to the top-level
`

$3

`js
// frame a document
const framed = await jsonld.frame(doc, frame);
// output transformed into a particular tree structure per the given frame
`

$3

`js
// canonize (normalize) a document using the RDF Dataset Canonicalization Algorithm
// (URDNA2015):
const canonized = await jsonld.canonize(doc, {
algorithm: 'URDNA2015',
format: 'application/n-quads'
});
// canonized is a string that is a canonical representation of the document
// that can be used for hashing, comparison, etc.
`

$3

`js
// serialize a document to N-Quads (RDF)
const nquads = await jsonld.toRDF(doc, {format: 'application/n-quads'});
// nquads is a string of N-Quads
`

$3

`js
// deserialize N-Quads (RDF) to JSON-LD
const doc = await jsonld.fromRDF(nquads, {format: 'application/n-quads'});
// doc is JSON-LD
`

$3

`js
// register a custom synchronous RDF parser
jsonld.registerRDFParser(contentType, input => {
// parse input to a jsonld.js RDF dataset object... and return it
return dataset;
});

// register a custom promise-based RDF parser
jsonld.registerRDFParser(contentType, async input => {
// parse input into a jsonld.js RDF dataset object...
return new Promise(...);
});
`

$3

`js
// how to override the default document loader with a custom one -- for
// example, one that uses pre-loaded contexts:

// define a mapping of context URL => context doc
const CONTEXTS = {
"http://example.com": {
"@context": ...
}, ...
};

// grab the built-in Node.js doc loader
const nodeDocumentLoader = jsonld.documentLoaders.node();
// or grab the XHR one: jsonld.documentLoaders.xhr()

// change the default document loader
const customLoader = async (url, options) => {
if(url in CONTEXTS) {
return {
contextUrl: null, // this is for a context via a link header
document: CONTEXTS[url], // this is the actual document that was loaded
documentUrl: url // this is the actual context URL after redirects
};
}
// call the default documentLoader
return nodeDocumentLoader(url);
};
jsonld.documentLoader = customLoader;

// alternatively, pass the custom loader for just a specific call:
const compacted = await jsonld.compact(
doc, context, {documentLoader: customLoader});
`

$3

It is recommended to set a default user-agent header for Node.js
applications. The default for the default Node.js document loader is
jsonld.js.

$3

A common use case is to avoid JSON-LD constructs that will result in lossy
behavior. The JSON-LD specifications have notes about when data is dropped.
This can be especially important when calling [canonize][] in order to
digitally sign data. A special "safe mode" is available that will detect these
situations and cause processing to fail.

Note: This mode is designed to be the common way that digital signing and
similar applications use this library.

The safe options flag set to true enables this behavior:

`js
// expand a document in safe mode
const expanded = await jsonld.expand(data, {safe: true});
`

$3

Using this library with React Native requires a polyfill such as
data-integrity-rn
to be imported before this library:

`js
import '@digitalcredentials/data-integrity-rn'
import * as jsonld from 'jsonld'
`

The polyfill needs to provide the following globals:

* crypto.subtle
* TextEncoder

Tests
-----

This library includes a sample testing utility which may be used to verify
that changes to the processor maintain the correct output.

The main test suites are included in external repositories. Check out each of
the following:

https://github.com/w3c/json-ld-api
https://github.com/w3c/json-ld-framing
https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org
https://github.com/w3c/rdf-canon

They should be sibling directories of the jsonld.js directory or in a
test-suites dir. To clone shallow copies into the test-suites dir you can
use the following:

npm run fetch-test-suites

Node.js tests can be run with a simple command:

npm test

If you installed the test suites elsewhere, or wish to run other tests, use
the TESTS environment var:

TESTS="/tmp/org/test-suites /tmp/norm/tests" npm test

This feature can be used to run the older json-ld.org test suite:

TESTS=/tmp/json-ld.org/test-suite npm test

Browser testing can be done with Karma:

npm run test-karma
npm run test-karma -- --browsers Firefox,Chrome

Code coverage of node tests can be generated in coverage/:

npm run coverage

To display a full coverage report on the console from coverage data:

npm run coverage-report

The Mocha output reporter can be changed to min, dot, list, nyan, etc:

REPORTER=dot npm test

Remote context tests are also available:

# run the context server in the background or another terminal
node tests/remote-context-server.js

TESTS=pwd/tests npm test

To generate EARL reports:

# generate the EARL report for Node.js
EARL=earl-node.jsonld npm test

# generate the EARL report for the browser
EARL=earl-firefox.jsonld npm run test-karma -- --browser Firefox

To generate an EARL report with the json-ld-api and json-ld-framing tests
as used on the official [JSON-LD Processor Conformance][] page

TESTS="pwd/../json-ld-api/tests pwd/../json-ld-framing/tests" EARL="jsonld-js-earl.jsonld" npm test

The EARL .jsonld output can be converted to .ttl using the [rdf][] tool:

rdf serialize jsonld-js-earl.jsonld --output-format turtle -o jsonld-js-earl.ttl

Optionally follow the report
instructions to
generate the HTML report for inspection. Maintainers can
submit updated results as needed.

Benchmarks
----------

Benchmarks can be created from any manifest that the test system supports.
Use a command line with a test suite and a benchmark flag:

TESTS=/tmp/benchmark-manifest.jsonld BENCHMARK=1 npm test

EARL reports with benchmark data can be generated with an optional environment
details:

TESTS=pwd/../json-ld.org/benchmarks/b001-manifiest.jsonld BENCHMARK=1 EARL=earl-test.jsonld TEST_ENV=1 npm test

See tests/test.js for more TEST_ENV and BENCHMARK control and options.

These reports can be compared with the benchmarks/compare/ tool and at the
[JSON-LD Benchmarks][] site.

Related Modules
---------------

* [jsonld-cli][]: A command line interface tool called jsonld` that exposes
most of the basic jsonld.js API.
* [jsonld-request][]: A module that can read data from stdin, URLs, and files
and in various formats and return JSON-LD.

Source
------

The source code for the JavaScript implementation of the JSON-LD API
is available at:

https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld.js

Commercial Support
------------------

Commercial support for this library is available upon request from
[Digital Bazaar][]: support@digitalbazaar.com

[Digital Bazaar]: https://digitalbazaar.com/

[JSON-LD 1.0 API]: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-api-20140116/
[JSON-LD 1.0 Framing]: https://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-framing/20120830/
[JSON-LD 1.0]: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/

[JSON-LD CG 1.1 API]: https://json-ld.org/spec/FCGS/json-ld-api/20180607/
[JSON-LD CG 1.1 Framing]: https://json-ld.org/spec/FCGS/json-ld-framing/20180607/
[JSON-LD CG 1.1]: https://json-ld.org/spec/FCGS/json-ld/20180607/

[JSON-LD CG API latest]: https://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/
[JSON-LD CG Framing latest]: https://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-framing/
[JSON-LD CG latest]: https://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/

[JSON-LD WG 1.1 API]: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/
[JSON-LD WG 1.1 Framing]: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/
[JSON-LD WG 1.1]: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/

[JSON-LD WG API latest]: https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-api/
[JSON-LD WG Framing latest]: https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-framing/
[JSON-LD WG latest]: https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-syntax/

[JSON-LD Benchmarks]: https://json-ld.org/benchmarks/
[JSON-LD Processor Conformance]: https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-api/reports
[JSON-LD WG]: https://www.w3.org/2018/json-ld-wg/
[JSON-LD]: https://json-ld.org/
[Microdata]: http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
[Microformats]: http://microformats.org/
[RDFa]: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/
[RFC7159]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159
[Rollup]: https://rollupjs.org/
[WG test suite]: https://github.com/w3c/json-ld-api/tree/master/tests
[errata]: http://www.w3.org/2014/json-ld-errata
[jsonld-cli]: https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld-cli
[jsonld-request]: https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld-request
[rdf]: https://rubygems.org/gems/rdf
[test runner]: https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld.js/blob/master/tests/test-common.js
[test suite]: https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite
[webpack]: https://webpack.js.org/